User:Abc92112/波士頓屠殺
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The Boston Massacre was an incident that led to the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, the legal aftermath of which helped spark the rebellion in some of the British American colonies, which culminated in the American Revolution. A heavy British military presence in Boston led to a tense situation that boiled over into incitement of brawls between soldiers and civilians and eventually led to troops discharging their muskets after being attacked by a rioting crowd. Three civilians were killed at the scene of the shooting, eleven were injured, and two died after the incident.[2]
波士頓大屠殺(Boston Massacre)為一起1770年三月英國軍隊殺了五名當地公民的事件，在英國當時承認這件事情的合法性後，因而激起了英屬北美殖民地的反叛，此一反叛一直等到美國獨立戰爭才宣告結束。此一事件開始為一支英國重裝軍隊出現在波士頓所引起的軍隊與當地公民相鬥毆的緊張情勢，而最後進而使得該軍隊以步槍射擊一群攻擊他們的暴民，3位民眾當場死於此掃射之下，並有11名受傷，以及最後有2名在之後因傷重不治而死亡。
Background 背景
British troops were sent to Boston in 1768 to help officials enforce the Townshend Acts, a series of laws passed by the British Parliament. The purpose of the Townshend program was to make colonial governors and judges independent of colonial control, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, and to establish the controversial precedent that Parliament had the right to tax the colonies. 在1768年時，數批英國軍隊被派遣至波士頓以強制執行湯森法案，湯森法案為由英國議會所通過的一系列法規，該法案的目的有：殖民地總督的確立、殖民統治的法官之獨立、確保貿易法規之實行所訂定的一些法條，以及為了確保英國議會收稅的權利所訂定的條例。
Colonists objected that the Townshend Acts were a violation of the natural, charter, and constitutional rights of British subjects in the colonies. Boston was a center of the resistance. The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Townshend Acts by sending a petition to King George asking for the repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act. The House then sent what became known as the Massachusetts Circular Letter to the other colonial assemblies, asking them to join the resistance movement.[3] 這些殖民地居民反對湯森法案不尊重英國臣民在殖民地內本應有的自然、憲章(保障人們應有權利的聲明)，以及憲法權利，而波士頓(馬薩諸塞州首府)正位於整個對此不滿的中心點，於是馬薩諸塞州眾議院開始進行了抵制湯森法案的活動，他們向英王喬治上遞請願書，希望能夠廢止湯森法案，之後他們又寄給其他殖民地議會一封在後來以Massachusetts Circular Letter(Circular Letter為行政機關所公佈的函令)聞名的信，旨為希望其他的殖民地能與他們一起加入抵制湯森法案的行列。
In Great Britain, Lord Hillsborough, who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of Colonial Secretary, was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House. In April 1768 he sent a letter to the colonial governors in America, instructing them to dissolve the colonial assemblies if they responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter. He also directed Massachusetts Governor Francis Bernard to have the Massachusetts House rescind the Circular Letter. The House refused to comply.[4] 大不列顛的Lord Hillsborough，在當時被選任為新成立不久的輔政司，但他非常擔心馬薩諸塞州議會的反抗行動，所以在1768年四月時，他寄了一封信給美洲的殖民總督，信中說如果殖民地議會響應Massachusetts Circular Letter的話，就請總督將殖民地議會解散，並請麻薩諸塞州總督Francis Bernard廢止Massachusetts Circular Letter的效力，但遭到拒絕。
The Townshend Acts were so unpopular in Boston that customs officials requested naval and military assistance. Commodore Samuel Hood complied by sending the fifty-gun warship HMS Romney, which arrived in Boston Harbor in May 1768.[5] On June 10, 1768, customs officials seized the Liberty, a sloop owned by leading Boston merchant John Hancock, on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling. Bostonians, already angry because the captain of the Romney had been impressing local sailors, began to riot. Customs officials fled to Castle William for protection. 由於湯森法案在波士頓的抗議聲不斷，海關官員於是向英國要求增援更多的海軍陸軍來協助，海軍准將Samuel Hood得知消息後，派遣配備50支砲管的HMS Romney軍艦前往協助，該軍艦並於1768年五月抵達波士頓海港。1768年6月10日，海關以走私罪名逮捕了一艘名為the Liberty(意為自由)的單桅帆船，船長名為John Hancock，一位在波士頓佔有重要地位的商人，最後，因為HMS Romney軍艦的船長強迫當地水手轉來為他自己的軍艦工作，使得波士頓人們終於忍無可忍開始暴動，讓波士頓的海關人員逃往威廉城堡(Castle William )避難。
Given the unstable state of affairs in Massachusetts, Hillsborough instructed General Thomas Gage, Commander-in-Chief, North America, to send "such Force as You shall think necessary to Boston".[6] On October 1, 1768, the first of four regiments of the British army began disembarking in Boston.[7] The "Journal of Occurrences", an anonymously written series of newspaper articles, chronicled clashes between civilians and soldiers during the military occupation of Boston, apparently with some exaggeration.[8] Two regiments were removed from Boston in 1769, but the 14th Regiment of Foot and the 29th Regiment of Foot remained. Tensions rose after Christopher Seider, "a young lad about eleven Years of Age", was killed by a customs employee on February 22, 1770.[9] 有鑒於麻薩諸塞州內的動亂，Hillsborough對北美總司令Thomas Gage將軍下令，要其派遣：「不計代價，能夠把此次動亂平息的所有必要軍力前往波士頓。」1768年10月1日，四支英國先鋒軍團已陸續於波士頓登陸，而匿名期刊The Journal of Occurrences，則將此時英國軍隊佔領波士頓和居民衝突的事件寫入歷史，雖然他們對這場爭鬥的形容有點過度誇飾。在1769年時，英國撤退了其中兩支軍團，但是第14步兵團以及第29步兵團還留在波士頓。1770年2月22日，一名年約14叫做Christopher Seider的小男孩遭到海關人員的殺害，使得雙方緊張情勢再度升高。
Incident 事件
The incident began on King Street, today known as State Street, in the early evening of March 5, in front of Private Hugh White, a British sentry, as he stood duty outside the Custom house. A young wigmaker's apprentice named Edward Gerrish[10] called out to a British officer, Captain Lieutenant John Goldfinch, that Goldfinch had not paid the bill of Gerrish's master. Goldfinch had in fact settled his account and ignored the insult. Gerrish departed, but returned a couple of hours later with companions. He continued his complaints, and the civilians began throwing snowballs at Goldfinch. Gerrish also exchanged insults with Private White, who left his post, challenged the boy, and then struck him on the side of the head with a musket. As Gerrish cried in pain, one of his companions, Bartholomew Broaders, began to argue with White. This attracted a larger crowd.[2] 五月五日傍晚，位於現名為State Street的King Street上，有一名在海關辦公處外值勤的英國哨兵，他的名字是Private Hugh White，而他則關係了該事件的開始。事情發生於一名叫做Edward Gerrish的假髮製作學徒，他前往一名英國官員Lieutenant John Goldfinch船長的住處來幫忙他製作假髮，然而，Gerrish以為Goldfinch船長並沒有付錢給他的老闆因而心生不滿，出言侮辱了Goldfinch船長，並離開Goldfinch船長的住處，可是他不知道實際上Goldfinch船長早已付清了帳款且沒有太在意Gerrish對他的出言不遜，過了幾個小時後，學徒Gerrish帶著他數名同伴回到Goldfinch船長的住處，並持續對他謾罵，在旁的民眾便開始對Goldfinch船長投擲雪球，因此Goldfinch船長便令哨兵Private White上前與Gerrish對質，Private White接著就在Gerrish的頭部邊緣開了一槍，此時Gerrish的同伴Bartholomew Broaders不滿而上前與Private White爭論，他們的爭吵因而引來了更大的人群上前圍觀。