巴拉雷克丘

巴拉雷克丘出土的壁画，年代为5至7世纪

巴拉雷克丘

巴拉雷克丘在乌兹别克的位置

巴拉雷克丘（乌兹别克语：Bolaliktepa）是乌兹别克南部帖尔米兹附近的一处考古遗址^[1]，为嚈哒贵族一处小型、具防御工事的封地^[2]，其中出土许多壁画^[3]，年代约为5世纪晚期至7世纪早期^[3]^[4]^{[注 1]}，稍晚于迪尔伯金丘（英语：Dilberjin Tepe）（位于阿富汗境内）壁画的年代。巴拉雷克丘与阿吉那丘（英语：Ajina Tepe）和卡菲尔·卡拉（英语：Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)）（皆位于塔吉克境内）的壁画风格同属吐火罗派（Tokharistan school）^[5]，并影响了年代稍晚的彭吉肯特粟特艺术^[6]。

壁画

巴拉雷克丘的壁画皆以宴会为主题^[7]，虽与该地区同期以佛教为主题的壁画不同，画中也没有佛教人物，但风格仍有相似之处^[8]。画中的男人不蓄胡，女子样貌圆润，皆穿戴华美的服装与珠宝配件^[7]。这些壁画很可能是描绘6世纪早期（突厥汗国征服此地以前）嚈哒贵族典型的宫廷生活，形象类似巴米扬大佛山洞顶部壁画中的嚈哒人^[9]；另外有些学者认为巴拉雷克丘的壁画为公元571年突厥汗国征服此地、与萨珊波斯以阿姆河为界之后方绘制^[10]。6世纪晚期巴拉雷克丘的大多数壁画都受到毁损^[6]^[7]。

有学者认为巴拉雷克丘壁画中的男子和察赤（Chach，即今塔什干）钱币上一些匈尼特人/嚈哒统治者的形象相似^[11]，另有学者认为这些硬币属突厥汗国^[12]^[13]。

巴拉雷克丘壁画中的男子^[11]

察赤钱币

注释

^ 过去认定为5世纪至6世纪，后来学者多认定为6世纪末至7世纪初^[1]。

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Deborah E. Klimburg-Salter, Kurt Tropper, Christian Jahoda, Charles Ramble (编). Text, Image and Song In Transdisciplinary Dialogue: PIATS 2003 : Tibetan Studies : Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003.. BRILL. 2007 [2021-11-10]. ISBN 900415549X. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.
^ Rowland, Benjamin. The art of Central Asia. New York, Crown. 1975: 75. The exacavations at Balalik Tepe (...) revealed the remains of a small fortified manor that was the seat of a princely Hephthalite clan.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. 1996: 183 [2021-11-10]. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.
^ MUZIO, CIRO LO. Remarks on the Paintings from the Buddhist Monastery of Fayaz Tepe (Southern Uzbekistan). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 2008, 22: 199. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049243.
^ Kurbanov, Aydogdy. THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS (PDF). Tyragetia. 2014: 317–334 [2021-11-10]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-30）. The Tokharistan school was represented by Balalyk-tepe, Adzhina-tepe, Kafyr-kala; the northern Tokharistan school was found in the Buddhist Temples of Kuva and in Jeti-su
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Azarpay, Guitty; Belenickij, Aleksandr M.; Maršak, Boris Il'ič; Dresden, Mark J. Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art. University of California Press. : 93 [2021-11-10]. ISBN 978-0-520-03765-6. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Frumkin, Grégoire. Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia. Brill Archive. : 116–117 [2021-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.
^ Azarpay, Guitty; Belenickij, Aleksandr M.; Maršak, Boris Il'ič; Dresden, Mark J. Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art. University of California Press. 1981: 92 [2021-11-10]. ISBN 978-0-520-03765-6. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）. Besides the obvious thematic difference between the Balalyk-tepe banquet scene and the religiously inspired Buddhist cave paintings from Tukharistan, the two are closely connected by style and iconography.
^ "Azarpay, Guitty; Belenickij, Aleksandr M.; Maršak, Boris Il'ič; Dresden, Mark J. Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art. University of California Press. : 93 [2021-11-10]. ISBN 978-0-520-03765-6. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）. A striking parallel to the Balalyk tepe murals is offered by files of donors represented on the right and left walls of the vault of the 34 m Buddha at Bamiyan. (...) The remarkable overall stylistic and iconographic resemblance between the two sets of paintings would argue for their association with the artistic tradition of the Hephthalite ruling classes of Tukharestan that survived the downfall of Hephthalite power in A.D. 577
^ Sims, Eleanor; Marshak, Boris Ilʹich; Grube, Ernst J.; I, Boris Marshak. Peerless Images: Persian Painting and Its Sources. Yale University Press. : 14 [2021-11-10]. ISBN 978-0-300-09038-3. （原始内容存档于2020-10-22）.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Fedorov, Michael. CHIONITE RULERS OF CHACH IN THE MIDDLE OF THE FOURTH TO THE BEGINNING OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY (ACCORDING TO THE DATA OF NUMISMATICS) (PDF). Iran. 2010, 48: 59–67 [2021-11-10]. ISSN 0578-6967. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.
^ Shagalov, V.D.; Kuznetsov, A.V. Catalogue of coins of Chach III-VIII AD. Tashkent. 2006: 184, 313–315.
^ FEDOROV, MICHAEL; KUZNETSOV, ANDREW. UZBEKISTAN: A HOARD OF EARLY MEDIAEVAL CHACH COINS FROM KANKA (PDF). The Numismatic Chronicle. 2007, 167: 277–285 [2021-11-10]. ISSN 0078-2696. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.

37°32′07″N 67°06′55″E / 37.535384°N 67.115405°E / 37.535384; 67.115405

[5] 过去认定为5世纪至6世纪，后来学者多认定为6世纪末至7世纪初^[1]。

[seminar-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Deborah E. Klimburg-Salter, Kurt Tropper, Christian Jahoda, Charles Ramble (编). Text, Image and Song In Transdisciplinary Dialogue: PIATS 2003 : Tibetan Studies : Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003.. BRILL. 2007 [2021-11-10]. ISBN 900415549X. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.

[2] Rowland, Benjamin. The art of Central Asia. New York, Crown. 1975: 75. The exacavations at Balalik Tepe (...) revealed the remains of a small fortified manor that was the seat of a princely Hephthalite clan.

[HC183-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. 1996: 183 [2021-11-10]. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.

[4] MUZIO, CIRO LO. Remarks on the Paintings from the Buddhist Monastery of Fayaz Tepe (Southern Uzbekistan). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 2008, 22: 199. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049243.

[6] Kurbanov, Aydogdy. THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS (PDF). Tyragetia. 2014: 317–334 [2021-11-10]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-30）. The Tokharistan school was represented by Balalyk-tepe, Adzhina-tepe, Kafyr-kala; the northern Tokharistan school was found in the Buddhist Temples of Kuva and in Jeti-su

[SP-7] 6.0 ^6.1 Azarpay, Guitty; Belenickij, Aleksandr M.; Maršak, Boris Il'ič; Dresden, Mark J. Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art. University of California Press. : 93 [2021-11-10]. ISBN 978-0-520-03765-6. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.

[GF-8] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Frumkin, Grégoire. Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia. Brill Archive. : 116–117 [2021-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.

[9] Azarpay, Guitty; Belenickij, Aleksandr M.; Maršak, Boris Il'ič; Dresden, Mark J. Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art. University of California Press. 1981: 92 [2021-11-10]. ISBN 978-0-520-03765-6. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）. Besides the obvious thematic difference between the Balalyk-tepe banquet scene and the religiously inspired Buddhist cave paintings from Tukharistan, the two are closely connected by style and iconography.

[10] "Azarpay, Guitty; Belenickij, Aleksandr M.; Maršak, Boris Il'ič; Dresden, Mark J. Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art. University of California Press. : 93 [2021-11-10]. ISBN 978-0-520-03765-6. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）. A striking parallel to the Balalyk tepe murals is offered by files of donors represented on the right and left walls of the vault of the 34 m Buddha at Bamiyan. (...) The remarkable overall stylistic and iconographic resemblance between the two sets of paintings would argue for their association with the artistic tradition of the Hephthalite ruling classes of Tukharestan that survived the downfall of Hephthalite power in A.D. 577

[11] Sims, Eleanor; Marshak, Boris Ilʹich; Grube, Ernst J.; I, Boris Marshak. Peerless Images: Persian Painting and Its Sources. Yale University Press. : 14 [2021-11-10]. ISBN 978-0-300-09038-3. （原始内容存档于2020-10-22）.

[MF-12] 11.0 ^11.1 Fedorov, Michael. CHIONITE RULERS OF CHACH IN THE MIDDLE OF THE FOURTH TO THE BEGINNING OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY (ACCORDING TO THE DATA OF NUMISMATICS) (PDF). Iran. 2010, 48: 59–67 [2021-11-10]. ISSN 0578-6967. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.

[13] Shagalov, V.D.; Kuznetsov, A.V. Catalogue of coins of Chach III-VIII AD. Tashkent. 2006: 184, 313–315.

[14] FEDOROV, MICHAEL; KUZNETSOV, ANDREW. UZBEKISTAN: A HOARD OF EARLY MEDIAEVAL CHACH COINS FROM KANKA (PDF). The Numismatic Chronicle. 2007, 167: 277–285 [2021-11-10]. ISSN 0078-2696. （原始内容存档于2021-11-10）.

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