火山碎屑岩筒

火山碎屑岩筒（英语：diatreme），有时被称为maar-diatreme火山，是由气体爆炸形成的火山通道。当岩浆通过地壳裂缝上升并与浅层地下水接触时，会造成炽热的水蒸气，它和火山气体一起的快速膨胀，引起一系列爆炸。而留下了一个相对较浅的低平火山口（maar）。原来地壳裂缝的通道也最后被岩石充满。当火山碎屑岩筒突破地表时，一般形成陡峭的倒锥形火山锥。火山碎屑岩筒一词亦可指，由爆炸或静水压力造成的，任何由破碎岩石形成的凹形体。无论它是否与火山作用有关，这个词来自古希腊语^[1]。

分布[编辑]

火山碎屑岩筒火山是陆上和岛屿上第二常见的火山类型。大多数火成岩侵入体不会产生火山碎屑岩筒，因为必须有地下水才能形成火山碎屑岩筒^[2]。例如加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的 Blackfoot diatreme 和 Cross diatreme皆为火山碎屑岩筒^[3]。

经济地质[编辑]

火山碎屑岩筒有时与经济矿床共生，例如起源于上地幔的金伯利岩岩浆。当此岩浆侵入而形成火山碎屑岩筒时，可带出形成于150-200公里深度的钻石。金伯利岩岩浆有时含大块钻石的捕虏岩，更具经济效益^[4]。

参考文献[编辑]

^ J.D.L. White andP.S. Ross(2011) Maar-diatreme volcanoes: A review,Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,Volume 201, Issues 1–4,Pages 1-29, ISSN 0377-0273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.01.010. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027311000357 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)
^ Lorenz, V. On the growth of maars and diatremes and its relevance to the formation of tuff rings. Bull Volcanol 48, 265–274 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01081755
^ Hall, D & Hpt-Lasraeor, H & Scuur-Zp, D & Hall, Douglas & Helmstaedt, Herwart & D.J.Schulze,. (2019). The cross diatreme, British columbia, canada: A kimberlite in a young orogenic belt
^ VOLKER LORENZ(1975) FORMATION OF PHREATOMAGMATIC MAAR–DIATREME VOLCANOES AND ITS RELEVANCE TO KIMBERLITE DIATREMES, Editor(s): L.H. AHRENS, J.B. DAWSON, A.R. DUNCAN, A.J. ERLANK, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Pergamon, Pages 17-27, ISBN 9780080180175, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-018017-5.50006-7. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080180175500067 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)

[”White”-1] J.D.L. White andP.S. Ross(2011) Maar-diatreme volcanoes: A review,Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,Volume 201, Issues 1–4,Pages 1-29, ISSN 0377-0273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.01.010. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027311000357 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)

[”Lorenz”-2] Lorenz, V. On the growth of maars and diatremes and its relevance to the formation of tuff rings. Bull Volcanol 48, 265–274 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01081755

[”-3] Hall, D & Hpt-Lasraeor, H & Scuur-Zp, D & Hall, Douglas & Helmstaedt, Herwart & D.J.Schulze,. (2019). The cross diatreme, British columbia, canada: A kimberlite in a young orogenic belt

[”VOLKER”-4] VOLKER LORENZ(1975) FORMATION OF PHREATOMAGMATIC MAAR–DIATREME VOLCANOES AND ITS RELEVANCE TO KIMBERLITE DIATREMES, Editor(s): L.H. AHRENS, J.B. DAWSON, A.R. DUNCAN, A.J. ERLANK, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Pergamon, Pages 17-27, ISBN 9780080180175, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-018017-5.50006-7. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080180175500067 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)

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