雷德克里夫线
外观
雷德克里夫线(英语:Radcliffe Line)是于1947年8月17日公布的印巴分治的分界线。雷德克里夫线是以其设计者第一代拉德克利夫子爵西里尔·拉德克利夫命名的。[1]
1947年7月15日,英国国会通过了《1947年印度独立法案》,法案还规定英属印度将被分为两个新的政治实体。在一个月之后,1947年8月14日和15日,巴基斯坦和印度先后独立。按照两国理论,巴基斯坦是一个伊斯兰教国家,而印度的大多数人口则信仰印度教。[2][3]按照蒙巴顿的说法,雷德克里夫本人尽管从未访问过印度却被安排划定边界,是因为这样能够保证其不被双方影响其公正和中立。[3]雷德克里夫线的划定时间十分短暂,因而并没有太多收集资料的时间,该线基本上按照次大陆的宗教分布划分,在划定之后也引发了一些纠纷。在孟加拉和旁遮普的部分地区,如吉大港山区,国境的划分引起了争执。此外,该线仅划分了英属印度诸省,不包括边界附近半独立的土邦。印巴分治同时造成了分布在两国新边界线的“错误一边”的穆斯林人口和印度教徒的大迁徙。[4]
该线构成了现今印度与孟加拉国边界、印度与巴基斯坦边界的主要无争议地段,印巴边界的另外一段是双方在克什米尔争议地区划定的“控制线”,构成了事实上的分界线,但尚未被两国正式承认为边界。[5]
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Chester, L. "The 1947 Partition: Drawing the Indo-Pakistani Boundary (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)." American Diplomacy, February 2002. (Well referenced article)
- ^ Read, A. and Fisher, D. (1997). The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. New York: Norton.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Nicholas Mansergh, ed. The Transfer of Power, 1942-47.
- ^ Smitha, F. The US and Britain in Asia, to 1960 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). MacroHistory website, 2001.
- ^ Heward, E. The Great and the Good: A Life of Lord Radcliffe. Chichester: Barry Rose Publishers, 1994.
延伸阅读
[编辑]- India: Volume XI: The Mountbatten Viceroyalty-Announcement and Reception of the 3 June Plan, 31 May-7 July 1947. Reviewed by Wood, J.R. "Dividing the Jewel: Mountbatten and the Transfer of Power to India and Pakistan". Pacific Affairs, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Winter, 1985–1986), pp. 653–662. JSTOR
- Berg, E., and van Houtum, H. Routing borders between territories, discourses, and practices (p.128) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Chester, Lucy P. Borders and Conflict in South Asia: The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Partition of Punjab. Manchester UP, 2009.
- Collins, L., and Lapierre, D. (1975) Freedom at Midnight.
- Collins, L., and Lapierre, D. Mountbatten and the Partition of India.
- Mishra, P. "Exit Wounds". The New Yorker, August 13, 2007. Retrieved from link Archive.is的存档,存档日期2012-12-08.
- Moon, P. The Transfer of Power, 1942-7: Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India: Volume X: The Mountbatten Viceroyalty-Formulation of a Plan, 22 March-30 May 1947. Review "Dividing the Jewel" at JSTOR
- Moon, Blake, D., and Ashton, S. The Transfer of Power, 1942-7: Constitutional Relations Between Britain and. Review "Dividing the Jewel" at JSTOR
- Tunzelmann, A. Indian Summer. Henry Holt.
- Wolpert, S. (1989). A New History of India, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.