黑海洪水学说

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黑海洪水学说（英语：Black Sea Deluge Hypothesis）是三个学说之一的推论和解释黑海在晚第四纪发生洪水的地质事件，此学说是其中出名的推论，它和另一个学说皆描述快速的黑海海水上升，甚至造成先住民的灾难[1] [2]。

历史[编辑]

黑海洪水学说是在1997年由威廉·瑞安（William Ryan）、沃尔特·C·皮特曼（Walter C. Pitman）和佩特科·迪米特洛夫（Petko Dimitrov）三人发表。建议在5600 BC一次爆发式的地中海海水涌入黑海[3] [4] 。此次事件对东欧和附近的亚洲史前时代，在此居住的人类有重大影响，甚至与口传的诺亚洪水有关。一些考古学家根据土耳其北部缺失新石器时代文物[5] [6] [7]，而支持此学说。在2003 年，Ryan等人修正该事件的年代到6800 BC [8].

在此黑海洪水事件之前，黑海及Caspian 海均被冰川融水注入为淡水湖，流出到爱琴海。当冰川退缩时，注入到黑海河流的流量减低并改道到北海。黑海水面经由蒸发而降低。与此同时全球因水文变化，海面升高[8] [9]。

地中海海水面的继续上升，海水终于溢过在Bosporus出的岩墙，而涌入黑海。根据此学说的估计，十万方公里的土地被汎滥。黑海沿岸线被退往北方及西方。每日有五十立方公里海水涌入。相当于两百倍尼加拉瀑布的水量。经过Bosporus海峡的海水奔流至少300天。作者认为这是由于海水面跳跃式的上升加上Laurentide冰盖的垮塌[10][9]。

缓进式淹没黑海学说[编辑]

对黑海全新世海水面的变化的另一种解释是缓进式的海水入流到黑海[11] [12]。此学说认为马尔马拉海（Marmara Sea） 在8,000 前的海面和黑海相通。证据是腐泥沉积物在黑海东地中海都有，黑海有退积型沙洲，马尔马拉海水下三角洲 有来自黑海的沉积物[13][14][15][10].

晚更新世大洪水学说[编辑]

一个比较老的洪水汎滥学说在2003 到 2007年代被Chepalyga提出。他认为约17,000–14,000 年前，晚最大冰川期之后。黑海盆地中的半淡水Neoeuxinian湖快速的被融冰水从里海经由 Manych-Kerch 溢道充填。继续入填的融冰水从斯堪的纳维亚往南连接个个淡水和盐水湖，最后形成Cascade of Eurasian 盆地。此次融冰水的溢流也导致黑海的水面快速上升。留给当时居民的“大洪水”的记忆。作者也提出用船运输和马匹的驯化也由此开始[16][12]

争论[编辑]

对黑海洪水学说之争论聚焦在两点：洪水规模及水面上升速度。 但有两点毋庸置疑：

  1. 最后一次冰期后，海水面已上升120公尺[17][18]。
  2. 黑海洪水学说的主要根据在博斯普鲁斯Bosphorus海峡岩墙的地形。过去500,000年以来，黑海曾被隔离地中海多次[19]。

博斯普鲁斯Bosphorus海峡岩墙现今高度为水下32-34 公尺。由第四纪砂覆盖古生代岩石之上。另有其他两处的岩墙水深80-85公尺. 覆盖砂在岩墙的沉积在10,000-5,300年前之间。此与8600年前黑海洪水不符。因为洪水会把8600年前的沉积物冲掉[20]。

2009 Giosan等人估计黑海在海水入侵前水面是30 公尺低于现今海水面，并非黑海洪水学说估计的80公尺. 如果地中海入侵，其洪水汎滥面积比黑海洪水学说估计的小得多[21][22]。

2011 年，一些专家认为黑海水下并无考古证据指证全新世到先新世先民居住的证据[16]。

根据甲藻长度变化的研究，也指出没有爆发式洪水的证据。其他地球物理地球化学及地球年代研究指出海水汎滥所造成的岸线海进历经10-200 年。比爆发式长的多[23][24]。

参考文献[编辑]

  1. ^ Yanko-Hombach, V., Mudie, P., and Gilbert, A. S., 2011, Was the Black Sea catastrophically flooded during the post-glacial? Geological evidence and impacts, in Benjamin, J. et al. (eds.), Underwater Archaeology and the Submerged Prehistory of Europe: Oxbow Books, p. 245–262.
  2. ^ Ferguson, S. (2012). Evaluation of Pleistocene to Holocene (MIS 5 to 1) climatic changes in southwestern Black Sea: A palynological study of DSDP Site 380. Department of Geology and Geophysics (Master’s thesis). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
  3. ^ Dimitrov, P. (1982). "Radiocarbon datings of bottom sediments from the Bulgarian Black Sea shelf". Oceanology. 9: 45–53.
  4. ^ Ryan, W.B.F.; Pitman, W.C.; Major, C.O.; Shimkus, K.; Moskalenko, V.; Jones, G.A.; Dimitrov, P.; Gorür, N.; Sakinç, M. (1997). "An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf". Marine Geology. 138 (1–2): 119–126. Bibcode:1997MGeol.138..119R. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.598.2866. doi:10.1016/s0025-3227(97)00007-8. S2CID 129316719.
  5. ^ Ballard, R.D.; Coleman, D. F.; Rosenberg, G.D. (2000). "Further evidence of abrupt Holocene drowning of the Black Sea shelf". Marine Geology. 170 (3–4): 253–261. Bibcode:2000MGeol.170..253B. doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00108-0.
  6. ^ Hiebert, F.T. (2001). "Black Sea coastal cultures: Trade and interaction". Expedition. 43 (1): 11–20.
  7. ^ Özdoğan, M. (2011). "Submerged sites and drowned topograhies along the Anatolian coasts: An overview". In Benjamin, J.; Bonsall, C.; Pickard, C.; Fischer, A. (eds.). Submerged Prehistory. Oxford, UK: Oxbow. pp. 219–229.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Ryan, W.B.; Major, C.O.; Lericolais, G.; Goldstein, S.L. (2003). "Catastrophic flooding of the Black Sea". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary ciences. 31 (1): 525−554. Bibcode:2003AREPS..31..525R. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141249.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Ryan, W.; Pitman, W. (1998). Noah's Flood: The new scientific discoveries about the event that changed history. New York, NY: Touchstone. p. 249. ISBN 978-0684810522.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Hiscott, R.N.; Aksu, A.E.; Mudie, P.J.; Marret, F.; Abrajano, T.; Kaminski, M.A.; et al. (2007). "A gradual drowning of the southwestern Black Sea shelf: Evidence for a progressive rather than abrupt Holocene reconnection with the eastern Mediterranean Sea through the Marmara Sea gateway". Quaternary International. 167: 19–34. Bibcode:2007QuInt.167...19H. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.11.00
  11. ^ Chepalyga, A.L. (2003). "Late glacial great flood in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea". Geological Society of America. Abstracts with Programs. 35 (6): 460.
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Chepalyga, A.L. (2007). "The late glacial great flood in the Ponto-Caspian basin". In Yanko-Hombach, V.; Gilbert, A.S.; Panin, N.; Dolukhanov, P.M. (eds.). The Black Sea Flood Question: Changes in coastline, climate, and human settlement. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 118−148. ISBN 9781402053023.
  13. ^ Ferguson, S.; Warny, S.; Escarguel, G.; Mudie, P. J. (2018). "MIS 5–1 dinoflagellate cyst analyses and morphometric evaluation of Galeacysta etrusca and Spiniferites cruciformis in southwestern Black Sea". Quaternary International. 465 (465): 117−129. Bibcode:2018QuInt.465..117F. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.07.035
  14. ^ Aksu, A.E.; Hiscott, R.N.; Mudie, P.J.; Rochon, A.; Kaminski, M.A.; Abrajano, T.; Yaar, D. (2002). "Persistent Holocene outflow from the Black Sea to the eastern Mediterranean contradicts Noah's Flood hypothesis". GSA Today. 12 (5): 4−10. doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2002)012<0004:PHOFTB>2.0.CO;2.
  15. ^ Aksu, A.E.; Hiscott, R.N.; Kaminski, M.A.; Mudie, P.J.; Gillespie, H.; Abrajano, T.; Yaşar, D. (2002). "Last glacial–Holocene paleoceanography of the Black Sea and Marmara Sea: Stable isotopic, foraminiferal, and coccolith evidence". Marine Geology. 190 (1−2): 119−149. Bibcode:2002MGeol.190..119A. doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00345-6.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Yanko-Hombach, V., Mudie, P., and Gilbert, A. S., 2011, Was the Black Sea catastrophically flooded during the post-glacial? Geological evidence and impacts, in Benjamin, J. et al. (eds.), Underwater Archaeology and the Submerged Prehistory of Europe: Oxbow Books, p. 245–262.
  17. ^ Dimitrov, P. (2003). "The Black Sea – a clue to the secret of world flood". Oceanology. 4: 52–57.
  18. ^ Dimitrov, P.; Dimitrov, D. (2004). The Black Sea, the Flood, and the Ancient Myths. Varna, Bulgaria: Slavena. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.18954.16327. ISBN 954-579-335-X.
  19. ^ Badertscher, S.; Fleitmann, D.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L.; Göktürk, O.M.; Zumbühl, A.; Leuenberger, M.; Tüysüz, O. (2011). "Pleistocene water intrusions from the Mediterranean and Caspian seas into the Black Sea". Nature Geoscience. 4 (4): 236–239. Bibcode:2011NatGe...4..236B. doi:10.1038/ngeo1106
  20. ^ Algan, O.; Cagatay, N.; Tchepalyga, A.; Ongan, D.; Eastoe, C.; Gokasan, E. (2001). "Stratigraphy of the sediment infill in Bosphorus Strait: Water exchange between the Black and Mediterranean Seas during the last glacial Holocene". Geo-Marine Letters. 20 (4): 209–218. Bibcode:2001GML....20..209A. doi:10.1007/s003670000058. S2CID 128399296.
  21. ^ Giosan, L.; Filip, F.; Constatinescu, S. (2009). "Was the Black Sea catastrophically flooded in the early Holocene?" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 28 (1–2): 1–6. Bibcode:2009QSRv...28....1G. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.012.
  22. ^ Lippsett, L. (2009). "Noah's not so big flood". Oceanus. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 2020-01-29 – via whoi.edu.
  23. ^ Mertens, Kenneth Neil; Bradley, Lee R.; Takano, Yoshihito; Mudie, Petra J.; Marret, Fabienne; Aksu, Ali E.; Hiscott, Richard N.; Verleye, Thomas J.; Mousing, Erik A. (2012). "Quantitative estimation of Holocene surface salinity variation in the Black Sea using dinoflagellate cyst process length". Quaternary Science Reviews. 39: 45–59. Bibcode:2012QSRv...39...45M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.01.026.
  24. ^ Yanchilina, A.G.; Ryan, W.B.F.; McManus, J.F.; Dimitrov, P.; Dimitrov, D.; Slavova, K.; Filipova-Marinova, M. (2017). "Compilation of geophysical, geochronological, and geochemical evidence indicates a rapid Mediterranean-derived submergence of the Black Sea's shelf and subsequent substantial salinification in the early Holocene". Marine Geology. 383: 14–34. Bibcode:2017MGeol.383...14Y. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2016.11.001
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