卡爾查延

月氏王子的頭像（公元前1世紀）^[1]^[2]

塞迦武士頭像（公元前1世紀）^[3]^[4]^[5]

卡爾查延

卡爾查延在烏茲別克的位置

卡爾查延（烏茲別克語：Xolchayon）是烏茲別克南部蘇爾漢河州德諾夫（英語：Denov）（蘇爾漢河河谷）附近的考古遺址，為貴霜帝國或其祖先月氏人所建造，年代約為公元前1世紀中期。1959年至1963年間由蘇聯考古學家加莉娜·普加欽科娃（英語：Galina Pugachenkova）帶領的團隊挖掘卡爾查延^[1]，她認為此遺址為一座宮殿，由貴霜統治者赫拉歐斯下令建造，不過另有學者認為此處為奉祀神化祖先的神廟^[6]。

藝術

卡爾查延遺址內部牆上有泥塑與壁畫，其描繪的主題可能包括公元前2世紀的人事物^[8]，包括貴霜帝國的戰事（例如貴霜與塞迦的戰爭）、宴會、統治者肖像、盟友帕提亞人與希臘、西亞和伊朗等地的神祇（庫柏勒、密斯拉（英語：Mithra）、赫丘利、雅典娜與尼刻等），為巴克特里亞藝術的重要里程碑^[1]。畫中描繪的月氏人物形象大多風度翩翩，塞迦人則常被描繪成留有絡腮鬍的醜陋形象^[9]。

歷史學家本傑明·羅蘭（Benjamin Rowland）認為卡爾察延的藝術風格源於希臘化時期藝術，可能直接受尼薩與阿伊哈努姆（英語：Ai-Khanum）等中亞城市的藝術影響，且與年代較晚的希臘式佛教藝術（犍陀羅藝術）有相似之處，可能為後者的起源。羅蘭特別指出卡爾查延出土著名的月氏王子的頭像和犍陀羅菩薩頭像十分相像，可能是將地方貴族的形象神格化創作而成，顯示犍陀羅藝術受卡爾查延藝術的影響^[7]。

參見

貴霜藝術（英語：Kushan art）

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 KHALCHAYAN. Encyclopaedia Iranica. : Figure 1 [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-04）.
^ Khaltchayan Reception Hall, Yuezhi north Bactria, 50 BC-50 AD. warfare.tk/. [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-10）.
^ Abdullaev, Kazim. Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam). Proceedings of the British Academy. 2007, 133: 87–98 [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-09）.
^ [content/7/ Greek Art in Central Asia, Afghan – Encyclopaedia Iranica]. [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-10）.
^ Also a Saka according to this source: [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
^ Ahmad Hasan Dani, János Harmatta. History of Civilizations of Central Asia 2. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 1999: 189 [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-09）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Rowland, Benjamin. Graeco-Bactrian Art and Gandhāra: Khalchayan and the Gandhāra Bodhisattvas. Archives of Asian Art. 1971, 25: 29–35. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111029.
^ Abdullaev, Kazim. Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam). Proceedings of the British Academy. 2007, 133: 91 [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-09）. It is possible to attribute the Khalchayan reliefs to the ﬁrst century BC archaeologically, but the historical events reﬂected in them belong to an earlier period, i.e. to around the middle of the second century BC.
^ Abdullaev, Kazim. Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam). Proceedings of the British Academy. 2007, 133: 89 [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-09）. The knights in chain-mail armour have analogies in the Khalchayan reliefs depicting a battle of the Yuezhi against a Saka tribe (probably the Sakaraules). Apart from the chain-mail armour worn by the heavy cavalry of the enemies of the Yuezhi, the other characteristic sign of these warriors is long side-whiskers (...) We think it is possible to identify all these grotesque personages with long side-whiskers as enemies of the Yuezhi and relate them to the Sakaraules (...) Indeed these expressive ﬁgures with side-whiskers differ greatly from the tranquil and majestic faces and poses of the Yuezhi depictions.

38°17′37″N 67°58′44″E / 38.29361°N 67.97889°E / 38.29361; 67.97889

[Eniran-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 KHALCHAYAN. Encyclopaedia Iranica. : Figure 1 [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-04）.

[2] Khaltchayan Reception Hall, Yuezhi north Bactria, 50 BC-50 AD. warfare.tk/. [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-10）.

[3] Abdullaev, Kazim. Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam). Proceedings of the British Academy. 2007, 133: 87–98 [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-09）.

[4] [content/7/ Greek Art in Central Asia, Afghan – Encyclopaedia Iranica]. [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-10）.

[5] Also a Saka according to this source: [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[6] Ahmad Hasan Dani, János Harmatta. History of Civilizations of Central Asia 2. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 1999: 189 [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-09）.

[BR-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Rowland, Benjamin. Graeco-Bactrian Art and Gandhāra: Khalchayan and the Gandhāra Bodhisattvas. Archives of Asian Art. 1971, 25: 29–35. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111029.

[8] Abdullaev, Kazim. Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam). Proceedings of the British Academy. 2007, 133: 91 [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-09）. It is possible to attribute the Khalchayan reliefs to the ﬁrst century BC archaeologically, but the historical events reﬂected in them belong to an earlier period, i.e. to around the middle of the second century BC.

[KA-9] Abdullaev, Kazim. Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam). Proceedings of the British Academy. 2007, 133: 89 [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-09）. The knights in chain-mail armour have analogies in the Khalchayan reliefs depicting a battle of the Yuezhi against a Saka tribe (probably the Sakaraules). Apart from the chain-mail armour worn by the heavy cavalry of the enemies of the Yuezhi, the other characteristic sign of these warriors is long side-whiskers (...) We think it is possible to identify all these grotesque personages with long side-whiskers as enemies of the Yuezhi and relate them to the Sakaraules (...) Indeed these expressive ﬁgures with side-whiskers differ greatly from the tranquil and majestic faces and poses of the Yuezhi depictions.

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