柳葉石楠

柳葉石楠
保護狀況
	; 無危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真雙子葉植物 Eudicots
演化支：	薔薇類植物 Rosids
目：	薔薇目 Rosales
科：	薔薇科 Rosaceae
亞科：	桃亞科 Amygdaloideae
族：	蘋果族 Maleae
亞族：	蘋果亞族 Malinae
屬：	柳石楠屬 Heteromeles; M.Roem. nom. cons. 1847
種：	柳葉石楠 H. arbutifolia
二名法
	Heteromeles arbutifolia; (Lindl.) M.Roem.
異名
	Photinia arbutifolia Lindl.; Crataegus arbutifolia W.T.Aiton nom. illeg.; Heteromeles fremontiana Decaisne; Heteromeles salicifolia (C.Presl) Abrams; Photinia salicifolia C.Presl;

柳葉石楠（Heteromeles arbutifolia；英語：toyon、Christmas berry^[5]、California holly）是柳石楠屬的唯一一種，是一種多年生灌木，原產於俄勒岡州西南部^[6]^[7]、加利福尼亞州和下加利福尼亞半島^[4]。

特徵[編輯]

柳葉石楠高2-5米（少數可達10 m），其葉子常綠，互生，邊緣有鋸齒。在初夏，它會開直徑6-10毫米的白色小花，傘狀花序。 ^[8]

葉
花
果
加州的花叢

運用[編輯]

加利福尼亞的土著用它治療阿茲海默症。該植物中含有不少對阿爾茨海默病治療有益的活性化合物。^[9]

其果實含有少量有毒的生氰糖苷，但仍被丘馬什人、通瓦人等原住民當做食物，可以煮粥或做成煎餅。這些果實需要烤熟以去除其酸澀感。^[10]

通瓦人稱其為「ashuwet」，會用其果實、花朵泡茶。它搗碎後可以外敷治療傷口、減輕疼痛^[11]。

參考文獻[編輯]

^ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). 2020. Heteromeles arbutifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T156822115A156822117. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T156822115A156822117.en. Downloaded on 23 September 2021.
^ Jepson Flora Project (1993) Heteromeles arbutifolia, University of California, Berkeley. [2022-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2008-10-28）.
^ Tropicos.org, [11 November 2016], （原始內容存檔於2022-03-04）
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 James B. Phipps, Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindley) M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 105. 1847, Flora of North America 9, 2015 [2022-06-11], （原始內容存檔於2022-03-04）
^ James B. Phipps, Heteromeles M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 100, 105. 1847. [name conserved], Flora of North America 9, 2015 [2022-06-11], （原始內容存檔於2022-01-27）
^ Final Environmental Impact Statement - Appendices (PDF). Smith River National Recreation Area Restoration and Motorize Travel Management (United States Department of Agriculture). December 2016: 192 [2022-06-11]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-04-05）. Heteromeles arbutifolia is found in Oregon and the location southwest of Pappas Flat is not the northernmost site in the Pacific Northwest. Additionally, this site is adjacent to Highway 199 and will not be affected by the proposed actions, and is outside the geographic scope of the project.
^ Wood, Wendell. Toyon Joins the List of Oregon's Native Shrubs (PDF). Bulletin of the Native Plant Society of Oregon. February 2008, 41 (2): 11, 18 [2022-06-11]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2010-12-18）.
^ Heteromeles arbutifolia （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） at iNaturalist
^ Wang; Dubois; Young; Lien; Adams. Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety. Medicines. 7 Jul 2016, 3 (3): 17. PMC 5456246 . PMID 28930127. doi:10.3390/medicines3030017 .
^ Bean, John Bean; Saubel, Katherine Siva. Temalpakh (from the Earth): Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Malki Museum Press. 1969 [2022-06-11]. ISBN 978-0939046249. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-21）.
^ Ashuwet. Tongva Medicinal Plants. [2022-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-01）.

外部連結[編輯]

Heteromeles salicifolia. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). USDA.

[1] IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). 2020. Heteromeles arbutifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T156822115A156822117. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T156822115A156822117.en. Downloaded on 23 September 2021.

[2] Jepson Flora Project (1993) Heteromeles arbutifolia, University of California, Berkeley. [2022-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2008-10-28）.

[3] Tropicos.org, [11 November 2016], （原始內容存檔於2022-03-04）

[PhippsHA-4] 4.0 ^4.1 James B. Phipps, Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindley) M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 105. 1847, Flora of North America 9, 2015 [2022-06-11], （原始內容存檔於2022-03-04）

[FNA2-5] James B. Phipps, Heteromeles M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 100, 105. 1847. [name conserved], Flora of North America 9, 2015 [2022-06-11], （原始內容存檔於2022-01-27）

[6] Final Environmental Impact Statement - Appendices (PDF). Smith River National Recreation Area Restoration and Motorize Travel Management (United States Department of Agriculture). December 2016: 192 [2022-06-11]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-04-05）. Heteromeles arbutifolia is found in Oregon and the location southwest of Pappas Flat is not the northernmost site in the Pacific Northwest. Additionally, this site is adjacent to Highway 199 and will not be affected by the proposed actions, and is outside the geographic scope of the project.

[7] Wood, Wendell. Toyon Joins the List of Oregon's Native Shrubs (PDF). Bulletin of the Native Plant Society of Oregon. February 2008, 41 (2): 11, 18 [2022-06-11]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2010-12-18）.

[8] Heteromeles arbutifolia （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） at iNaturalist

[toyonalzheimers2016M-9] Wang; Dubois; Young; Lien; Adams. Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety. Medicines. 7 Jul 2016, 3 (3): 17. PMC 5456246 . PMID 28930127. doi:10.3390/medicines3030017 .

[temalpakh-10] Bean, John Bean; Saubel, Katherine Siva. Temalpakh (from the Earth): Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Malki Museum Press. 1969 [2022-06-11]. ISBN 978-0939046249. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-21）.

[tongva-11] Ashuwet. Tongva Medicinal Plants. [2022-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-01）.

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