九三宣言

《九三宣言》（德語：Manifest der 93）或《告文明世界書》（德語：An die Kulturwelt!）是第一次世界大戰初期1914年10月4日由93位傑出的德國科學家、學者、藝術家聯名發佈的聲明^[1]，以表明他們對德國在戰爭初期軍事行動的堅定支持。這些軍事行動指的是比利時慘案（英語：Rape of Belgium）。該宣言強烈激發了德國大學和其他學校對戰爭的支持，但同時在他國知識界引發極大憤慨。該宣言不顧事實，否認德國在比利時有任何攻擊平民的行動，並繼續宣稱戰爭是必要的，「如果沒有德意志軍國主義，德國文化早就被從地球表面抹去」，「我們將作為一個文明國家戰鬥到最後，我國視歌德、貝多芬和康德的遺產與家園同樣神聖」。^[2]^:207

聯署人威廉·朱利斯·福爾斯特很快就後悔簽署此宣言。1921年，《紐約時報》報道發現76位健在的簽署人中60人都有不同程度的後悔。有些簽署人表示簽名時並未看到所簽署的內容^[3]。

名單[編輯]

參考[編輯]

^ Jürgen von Ungern-Sternberg and Wolfgang von Ungern-Sternberg, Der Aufruf "An die Kulturwelt!": das Manifest der 93 und die Anfänge der Kriegspropaganda im Ersten Weltkrieg （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1996, p.13.
^ Isaacson, Walter, Einstein: His Life and Universe, New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7432-6473-0
^ The Ninety-Three Today (PDF). The New York Times. March 2, 1921: 7 [2019-04-13]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-03-13）. A German writer, M.H. WEHBERG, has recently published the results of personal inquiries made of the surviving professors, scientists and literary men who in 1914 signed the famous manifesto of the ninety-three Gelehrten. Seventeen of them have since died, but of this number it was known that several had changed their minds, or at least wished that they had not put their names to a document which was a reproach to German learning. Among the living only sixteen were found to stand by their action in 1914 without wavering, and to say that they would sign the manifesto again. This leaves some sixty of the original ninety-three who now express regret — in some cases amounting almost to remorse. Some of them explain that they did not read or know what they had signed. They gave their names by telephone or telegraph to what they supposed to be a truthful utterance of German university opinion. Later they felt 'keen chagrin' when they found that, with their indignant 'it is not true,' they had been denying facts amply proved. More than one of the signers now has strong words in condemnation of the 'unlucky and senseless' declaration, as it is now admitted to have been, to which they were induced to put their names. This is perhaps the nearest to repentance that we have had or may expect from Germany. Herr WEHBERG records many excuses, some semi-apologies, several expressions of sorrow that the thing turned out so badly; but not one form of the straight-out confession that is good for the soul.

[1] Jürgen von Ungern-Sternberg and Wolfgang von Ungern-Sternberg, Der Aufruf "An die Kulturwelt!": das Manifest der 93 und die Anfänge der Kriegspropaganda im Ersten Weltkrieg （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1996, p.13.

[Isaacson-2] Isaacson, Walter, Einstein: His Life and Universe, New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7432-6473-0

[NYT1921-3] The Ninety-Three Today (PDF). The New York Times. March 2, 1921: 7 [2019-04-13]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-03-13）. A German writer, M.H. WEHBERG, has recently published the results of personal inquiries made of the surviving professors, scientists and literary men who in 1914 signed the famous manifesto of the ninety-three Gelehrten. Seventeen of them have since died, but of this number it was known that several had changed their minds, or at least wished that they had not put their names to a document which was a reproach to German learning. Among the living only sixteen were found to stand by their action in 1914 without wavering, and to say that they would sign the manifesto again. This leaves some sixty of the original ninety-three who now express regret — in some cases amounting almost to remorse. Some of them explain that they did not read or know what they had signed. They gave their names by telephone or telegraph to what they supposed to be a truthful utterance of German university opinion. Later they felt 'keen chagrin' when they found that, with their indignant 'it is not true,' they had been denying facts amply proved. More than one of the signers now has strong words in condemnation of the 'unlucky and senseless' declaration, as it is now admitted to have been, to which they were induced to put their names. This is perhaps the nearest to repentance that we have had or may expect from Germany. Herr WEHBERG records many excuses, some semi-apologies, several expressions of sorrow that the thing turned out so badly; but not one form of the straight-out confession that is good for the soul.

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