富拉尼聖戰
富拉尼聖戰（阿拉伯語：جهاد الفولا ）是18世紀和19世紀西非境內發生的一系列吉哈德，富拉尼聖戰主要由信仰伊斯蘭教的富拉尼人領導。這些通過富拉尼聖戰建立的國家後來都被歐洲人擊敗。[1][2]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Shillington (2012).
- ^ Hawthorne, Walter. From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830. Cambridge University Press. 2010-09-13: 70. ISBN 9780521764094 （英語）.
參考書目
[編輯]- Curtin, Philip D. Jihad in West Africa: Early Phases and Inter-relations in Mauritania and Senegal. Journal of African History. 1971, 12 (1): 11–24. S2CID 162679179. doi:10.1017/S0021853700000049.
- Keddie, Nikkie R. Islamic Precolonial Revolts of the 18th and 19th Centuries. Jack A. Goldstone (編). The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions. Routledge. : 265–66.
- Last, Murray. Reform in West Africa: The Jihad Movements of the Nineteenth Century. J. F. A. Ajayi; M. Crowder (編). History of West Africa 2. Longman. 1974: 1–29.
- Lovejoy, Paul E. Jihād in West Africa during the Age of Revolutions. Ohio University Press. 2016.
- Robinson, David. Revolutions in the Western Sudan. N. Levtzion; R. Pouwels (編). The History of Islam in Africa. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. 2000: 131–152. ISBN 9780821444610.
- Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa 3rd. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012.
- Smith, H. F. C. A Neglected Theme of West African History: The Islamic Revolutions of the 19th Century. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 1961, 2 (2): 169–85.