GenX

GenX是科慕公司為合成短鏈有機氟化合物，六氟環氧丙烯二聚酸（HFPO-DA）的銨鹽註冊的商標。在不正式場合中它也可以指用來生產GenX的一組有機氟化合物。^[1]杜邦公司於2009年開始商業發展GenX，目的是取代全氟辛酸（PFOA）。^[2]

用途[編輯]

這些化學品用於諸如食物包裝、油漆、清潔產品、不粘塗層、室外用布料和消防泡沫的產品。^[3]它們在北卡羅萊納州費耶特維爾由杜邦分拆公司（英語：corporate spin-off）科慕公司製造。^[4]

GenX化學品可以取代全氟辛酸，製造如特氟龍的氟聚合物，^[5]^[6]因為全氟辛酸和有關的化合物被發現是有毒物質和致癌物。^[7]然而，在實驗室測試中，GenX和全氟辛酸對大鼠導致的健康問題大致上都一樣。^[8]^[9]

化學[編輯]

製造過程將兩個六氟環氧丙烯分子結合在一起，形成HFPO-DA。它再轉化為銨鹽，是狹義上的GenX化合物。^[2]

化學過程使用2,3,3,3-四氟-2-(七氟丙氧基)丙酸（FRD-903）生產2,3,3,3-四氟-2-(七氟丙氧基)丙酸銨（FRD-902）和七氟丙基-1,2,2,2-四氟乙基醚（E1）。^[10]

GenX遇水時會釋放銨離子，成為HFPO-DA。因為HFPO-DA是強酸，它會去質子化形成其共軛鹼。這個共軛鹼可以在水中偵測。^[2]

參見[編輯]

含氟表面活性劑（PFAS）

參考文獻[編輯]

^ C3 Dimer Acid and PFAS. Chemours. [23 January 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-18）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Hogue, Cheryl. What's GenX still doing in the water downstream of a Chemours plant?. American Chemical Society (ACS). 2018-02-12 [2019-08-21]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-16）.
^ Basic Information on PFAS. PFOA, PFOS and Other PFASs. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2018-02-18 [2022-03-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-23）.
^ GenX Frequently Asked Questions (PDF). GenX Investigation. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ). 2018-02-15 [2022-03-16]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-01-26）.
^ Beekman, M.; et al. Evaluation of substances used in the GenX technology by Chemours, Dordrecht. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM, The Netherlands). 2016-12-12 [2017-07-23]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-15）.
^ What is the difference between PFOA, PFOS and GenX and other replacement PFAS?. PFOA, PFOS and Other PFASs. EPA. 2018-02-18 [2022-03-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-23）.
^ Lau C., Anitole K., Hodes C., Lai D., Pfahles-Hutchens A., Seed J. Perfluoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological findings. Toxicol. Sci. October 2007, 99 (2): 366–94. PMID 17519394. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm128 .
^ Caverly Rae, JM; Craig, Lisa; Stone, Theodore W.; Frame, Steven R.; Buxton, L. William; Kennedy, Gerald L. Evaluation of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate in Sprague–Dawley rats. Toxicology Reports. 2015, 2: 939–949. PMC 5598527 . PMID 28962433. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.06.001.
^ Lerner, Sharon. New Teflon Toxin Causes Cancer in Lab Animals. The Intercept. 2016-03-03 [2018-12-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-26）（美國英語）.
^ DuPont GenX Processing Aid for Making Fluoropolymer Resins (PDF). 2016-02-09 [2019-08-21]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2018-02-08）.

[1] C3 Dimer Acid and PFAS. Chemours. [23 January 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-18）.

[C&EN-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Hogue, Cheryl. What's GenX still doing in the water downstream of a Chemours plant?. American Chemical Society (ACS). 2018-02-12 [2019-08-21]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-16）.

[EPA-basic-3] Basic Information on PFAS. PFOA, PFOS and Other PFASs. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2018-02-18 [2022-03-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-23）.

[4] GenX Frequently Asked Questions (PDF). GenX Investigation. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ). 2018-02-15 [2022-03-16]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-01-26）.

[5] Beekman, M.; et al. Evaluation of substances used in the GenX technology by Chemours, Dordrecht. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM, The Netherlands). 2016-12-12 [2017-07-23]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-15）.

[6] What is the difference between PFOA, PFOS and GenX and other replacement PFAS?. PFOA, PFOS and Other PFASs. EPA. 2018-02-18 [2022-03-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-23）.

[Lau2007-7] Lau C., Anitole K., Hodes C., Lai D., Pfahles-Hutchens A., Seed J. Perfluoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological findings. Toxicol. Sci. October 2007, 99 (2): 366–94. PMID 17519394. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm128 .

[8] Caverly Rae, JM; Craig, Lisa; Stone, Theodore W.; Frame, Steven R.; Buxton, L. William; Kennedy, Gerald L. Evaluation of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate in Sprague–Dawley rats. Toxicology Reports. 2015, 2: 939–949. PMC 5598527 . PMID 28962433. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.06.001.

[9] Lerner, Sharon. New Teflon Toxin Causes Cancer in Lab Animals. The Intercept. 2016-03-03 [2018-12-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-26）（美國英語）.

[10] DuPont GenX Processing Aid for Making Fluoropolymer Resins (PDF). 2016-02-09 [2019-08-21]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2018-02-08）.

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