Stormfront
網站類型 | 一個主張新納粹主義、猶太人大屠殺否定論、伊斯蘭恐懼症的網絡論壇 |
|---|---|
| 語言 | 英語 |
| 持有者 | 唐·布萊克 |
| 創始人 | 唐·布萊克 |
| 網址 | www |
| 商業性質 | 否 |
| 推出時間 | 1996年11月[1] |
| 現狀 | 運營中 |
Stormfront是白人民族主義[2]、白人優越主義[3]、反猶太主義、猶太人大屠殺否定論[4][5][6]和新納粹主義[7]支持者聚集的一個網絡論壇，也是互聯網誕生以來首個宣傳種族仇恨的網站[8]。Stormfront也同時越來越積極地宣傳伊斯蘭恐懼。
Stormfront在20世紀90年代初只是一個在線公告板系統，1996年，前三K黨領袖、白人優越主義支持者唐·布萊克將其轉型成一個網站。2000年，紀錄片《仇恨網站》（Hate.com）花相當大的篇幅介紹該網站，Stormfront開始為美國大眾所熟知。法國、德國和意大利的Google索引中沒有Stormfront這家網站。
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Wojcieszak, Magdalena. Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights. Sociological Inquiry 80 (1). June 16, 2009 [March 24, 2016].
...John Black founded stormfron in November 1996….
- ^ Sources which consider Stormfront a white nationalist website include:
- Keating, Dan. White supremacists booted from Internet. Knight-Ridder Newspapers. May 2, 1995 [2020-11-01]. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-11）.
'I wasn't surprised,' said Don Black of West Palm Beach, who runs the Stormfront World Wide Web site for white nationalists.
- Backover, Andrew. Hate sets up shop on Internet. The Denver Post. November 8, 1999. （原始內容存檔於August 16, 2017）.
Nationally, Stormfront, a white nationalist site, is considered the granddaddy of online hatred.
- Jean Winegardner. Is Hate Young and New on the Web?. USC Annenberg's Online Journalism Review. February 17, 1998. （原始內容存檔於February 14, 2002）.
Don Black, 44, a white nationalist since the age of 15, runs a site many would put in the hate speech category. He [is] the founder of Stormfront, a white nationalist Web site.
- Anchor: Ted Koppel. Hate and the Internet. ABC News Nightline. January 13, 1998 [2020-11-01]. ABC. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-04）.
[...] Storm Front, a Web site dedicated to the white nationalist movement [...] Storm Front, a white nationalist Web site [...]
- Swain, Carol Miller. The New White Nationalism in America. Cambridge University Press. 2002: 98. ISBN 978-0-521-80886-6.
Don Black, leader of the white nationalist organization Stormfront
- Keating, Dan. White supremacists booted from Internet. Knight-Ridder Newspapers. May 2, 1995 [2020-11-01]. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-11）.
- ^ Sources which consider Stormfront a white supremacist website include:
- Abel, David Schwab. The Racist Next Door. New Times Broward-Palm Beach. February 19, 1998. （原始內容存檔於June 6, 2015）.
Black's swastika-strewn "Stormfront" – the only white supremacist Website on the Internet before the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City
- Etchingham, Julie. Hate.com expands on the net. BBC News. January 12, 2000 [September 14, 2007]. （原始內容存檔於May 1, 2011）.
- Lloyd, Robin. Web trackers hunt racist groups online. CNN. August 12, 1999 [September 14, 2007]. （原始內容存檔於August 17, 2000）.
- Hate on the World Wide Web:A Brief Guide to Cyberspace Bigotry. Anti-Defamation League. October 1998 [January 1, 2009]. （原始內容存檔於October 1, 2002）.
- Potok, Mark. Jena Rally Sparks White Supremacist Rage, Lynching Threat. Southern Poverty Law Center. September 20, 2007 [January 29, 2008]. （原始內容存檔於January 31, 2019）.
- Ripley, Amanda. The Bench Under Siege. 時代雜誌. March 5, 2005: 2 [January 29, 2008]. （原始內容存檔於December 10, 2012）.
- Scheneider, Keith. Hate Groups Use Tools Of the Electronic Trade. The New York Times. March 13, 1995 [January 29, 2001]. （原始內容存檔於August 13, 2019）.
- Atkins, Stephen E. Encyclopedia of Modern American Extremists and Extremist Groups
. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. August 30, 2002 [July 19, 2008]. ISBN 978-0-313-31502-2. In 1995 Black brought up a Web site, Stormfront, which now serves as the primary site for white supremacist Internet communications.
- Mooney, Linda A.; Knox, David; Schach, Caroline. Race and Ethic Relations. Understanding Social Problems. Thomson Wadsworth. 2004: 181 [July 19, 2008]. ISBN 978-0-534-62514-6.
White supremacist groups such as Stormfront spread their message of racial hate through their Web site.
- Wang, Wallace. Hate Groups and Terrorists on the Internet. Steal This Computer Book 4.0: What They Won't Tell You About the Internet 4th. San Francisco: No Starch Press Inc. 2006: 239 [July 19, 2008]. ISBN 978-1-59327-105-3.
Don Black, an ex-Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan and owner of the white supremacist homepage Stormfront (www.stormfront.org)
- Casey, Natasha. 'The Best Kept Secret in Retail': Selling Business in Contemporary America. Negra, Diane (編). The Irish in Us: Irishness, Performativity, and Popular Culture. Duke University Press. February 2006: 94 [July 19, 2008]. ISBN 978-0-8223-3740-9.
… the inclusion of the Stormfront flag specifically defines its audience as white supremacist.
- Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies. Sage Publications. June 26, 2003: 227. ISBN 978-0-7619-2814-0.
A search for the term 'Stormfront' on the American version of Google results in a list of sites with the white supremacist Web site Stormfront first on the list.
- Lane, Henry W.; DiStefano, Joseph J.; Maznevski, Martha L. International Management Behavior: Text, Readings, and Cases Fifth. Blackwell Publishing. 2005: 539. ISBN 978-1-4051-2671-7.
After his release in 1985, Black launched the first white supremacist Web site. Black's "Stormfront" was one of the largest hate sites on the Internet
- Jepson, Peter. Tackling Militant Racism. Ashgate Publishing. 2003: 151. ISBN 978-0-7546-2163-8.
Stormfront is a white supremacist organisation.
footnote 83.
- Abel, David Schwab. The Racist Next Door. New Times Broward-Palm Beach. February 19, 1998. （原始內容存檔於June 6, 2015）.
- ^ Roberts, Jeff John. Google Demotes Holocaust Denial and Hate Sites in Update to Algorithm. 財富 (雜誌). December 20, 2016 [2020-11-01]. （原始內容存檔於2017-04-29）.
- ^ Cadwalladr, Carole. How to bump Holocaust deniers off Google's top spot? Pay Google. 衛報. December 17, 2016 [2020-11-01]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-19）.
- ^ Darnell, Scott. Measuring Holocaust Denial in the United States (PDF) (報告). 哈佛大學. Spring 2010 [2020-11-01]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-04-30）.
- ^ Sources which consider Stormfront a neo-Nazi website include:
- Kim, T.K. Electronic Storm – Stormfront Grows a Thriving Neo-Nazi Community. Intelligence Report (Southern Poverty Law Center). Summer 2005, (118) [December 30, 2008]. （原始內容存檔於May 21, 2006）.
- Zhou, Yilu; Reid, Edna; Qin, Jialun; Chen, Hsinchun; Lai, Guanpi. U.S. Domestic Extremist Groups on the Web: Link and Content Analysis (PDF). University of Arizona. 2008 [December 27, 2008]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於July 9, 2010）.
Stormfront.org, a neo-Nazi's Web site set up in 1995, is considered the first major domestic "hate site" on the World Wide Web because of its depth of content and its presentation style which represented a new period for online right-wing extremism
- Eshman, Rob. Jewish Money. Jewish Journal. December 23, 2008. （原始內容存檔於July 12, 2017）.
Earlier this week, when I entered the search terms "Madoff" and "Jewish" into Google, the top responses included JewishJournal.com and stormfront.org, a neo-Nazi Web site.
- Hildebrand, Joe. RSL slams Australia Day hijack. The Daily Telegraph. January 1, 2008. （原始內容存檔於January 22, 2009）.
Much of the activity has been co-ordinated through the neo-Nazi website Stormfront, whose Australian arm is moderated by 18-year-old Newcastle resident Rhys McLean.
- Levant, Ezra. Shakedown: How Our Government Is Undermining Democracy in the Name of Human Rights. McClelland & Stewart. 2009: 208. ISBN 978-0-7710-4619-3.
A particularly rough stretch of road is a neo-Nazi website called Stormfront.org.
- Kaplan, Jeffrey; Lööw, Heléne (編). The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization. Rowman Altamira. 2002: 224. ISBN 978-0-7591-0204-0.
Also, Web Pages such as ...'Stormfront'... in addition to racist, anti-Semitic, and neo-Nazi messages and illustrations, provide links...
- Friedman, James (編). Reality Squared: Televisual Discourse on the Real. Rutgers University Press. 2002: 163. ISBN 978-0-8135-2989-9.
Stormfront provides its viewers with... a general store stocked with Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and neo-Nazi literature and music...
- Katel, Peter. Hate Groups: Is Extremism on the Rise in the United States?. CQ Researcher (編). Issues in Terrorism and Homeland Security Second. SAGE Publications. 2010: 79. ISBN 978-1-4129-9201-5.
...a March 13 Web post by Poplawski to the neo-Nazi Web site Stormfront.
- Jacobs, Steven Leonard. Jewish “Officialdom” and The Passion of the Christ: Who Said What and What Did They Say?. Garber, Zev (編). Mel Gibson's Passion: The Film, the Controversy, and its Implications. Purdue University Press. 2006: 147. ISBN 978-1-55753-405-7. JSTOR j.ctt6wq6d1.
...Internet websites (e.g. Angry White Female web-page, Vanguard News Network, Christian Identity website, Stormfront Neo-Nazi website, National Alliance website...)
- Miller, Mark Crispin. Fooled Again: The Real Case for Electoral Reform. Basic Books. 2007: 461. ISBN 978-0-465-04580-8.
...appearing on such ultra-rightist websites as Free Republic and the neo-Nazi outfit Stormfront ("WHITE PRIDE WORLD WIDE")
- Moulitsas, Markos. American Taliban: How War, Sex, Sin, and Power Bind Jihadists and the Radical Right. Polipoint Press. 2010: 56. ISBN 978-1-936227-02-0.
Poplawski was active on white supremacist and neo-Nazi Stormfront internet forums.
- Martin, Andrew; Petro, Patrice (編). Rethinking Global Security: Media, Popular Culture, and the "War on terror". Rutgers University Press. 2006: 174. ISBN 978-0-8135-3830-3.
...9/11 Internet chat-room discussions, including radical hate-group sites like the neo-Nazi Stormfront.org.
- Gorenfeld, John. Bad Moon Rising: How Reverend Moon Created the Washington Times, Seduced the Religious Right, and Built an American Kingdom. Polipoint Press. 2008: 68. ISBN 978-0-9794822-3-6.
She has even written in to neo-Nazi Web site Stormfront, geeking out together on Peter Jackson's film adaptation;...
- ^ Sources which identify Stormfront as the Internet's "first hate site" include:
- Levin, Brian. Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists' Use of Computer Networks in America. Perry, Barbara (編). Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader. Routledge. 2003 [July 21, 2008]. ISBN 978-0-415-94408-3.
- Ryan, Nick. Thirteen Days. Into a World of Hate: A Journey Among the Extreme Right. New York: Routledge. 2004: 80 [July 21, 2008]. ISBN 978-0-415-94922-4.
It was Black who would launch Stormfront, the first major extremist hate site.
- Samuels, Shimon. Applying the Lessons of the Holocaust. Rosenbaum, Alan S. (編). Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide Second. Westview Press. 2001: 218 [July 21, 2008]. ISBN 978-0-8133-3686-2.
It was Holocaust denier and Ku Klux Klan leader, Don Black, who had founded Stormfront (the very first Internet hate site, in 1995)
- Bolaffi, Guido; Bracalenti, Raffaele; Braham, Peter H.; Gindro, Sandro (編). Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity & Culture. Sage Publications. 2003: 254 [July 21, 2008]. ISBN 978-0-7619-6900-6.
The first extremist hate site was Stormfront (1995)
