传媒暴力研究
传媒暴力研究（英语：Media violence research）研究如何对抗媒体暴力及其他透过媒体传播的暴力行为、现象及引起的暴力行为。例如网络霸凌，虽然许多社会科学相关领域都有这个议题[1]，但针对这个领域目前仍缺乏相关的科学研究方法及理论。
媒体暴力研究追查，一个普及的媒体是否会影响潜在的暴力行为[2]。部分研究者指出，媒体影响和暴力在关联研究有如吸烟和癌症的相关研究一般。[3]研究人员指出，于媒体发表内容的作者低估了内容对潜在暴力的影响，一如吸烟者低估吸烟对罹患肺癌的影响[4]。许多作者也认为媒体暴力研究得出的结论过于夸大[5] [6]。 少部分的媒体研究者甚至认为媒体是引起侵略性的祸首，然而大部分的学者皆认为媒体研究者的讨论及担心有点夸大了媒体的效果(Freedman, 2002; Pinker 2002; Savage, 2004)。
传媒暴力研究学者Rowell Huesmann指出“引起严重的攻击性，是来自原有的复杂因素加上触媒”[7] [2]。也有许多以其他看待攻击行为的存在观点，例如攻击行为来自生理或基因(see the work of Hare, 1993, Larsson, Andershed, & Lichtenstein, In Press, among others)，也有学者认为攻击行为可以解释为演化心理学的反应。[8]。
对于媒体可能造成有害影响的指控并不是新闻，柏拉图就曾批评过戏剧对年轻人的影响。许多媒体，包括漫画、爵士乐、摇滚乐、龙与地下城和廉价小说等，都被一些人认定有可能造成读者变的更具攻击性、反叛性及行为上不道德。
1960年代电视的诞生为研究者提供了研究效果影响的新媒体。许多研究者被心理学家阿尔波特·班杜拉的社会学习理论所引导。社会学习理论指出人类的学习行为是经由一连串的模式学习。社会学习理论和其他对于攻击性的研究及方法不同，更多关注在神经心理学理论及研究方法上。
研究方法
[编辑]研究模型包括媒体使用者在长期及短期曝光于媒体暴力之下，和行为间的连结、影响。在短期媒体暴力研究中发现，暴力曝光会增加人的兴奋感、对暴力的认知和机械性的模仿。
参见
[编辑]外部链接
[编辑]- Free Expression Policy Project
- Website of Brad Bushman （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Duke Ferris' rebuttal to Brad Bushman （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Info on court cases critical of media violence research
- Website of Craig Anderson （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Entertainment Softward Industry's info on video game effects （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Website of Rowell Huesmann （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Children, violence, and the media: A report for parents and policy makers
- American Civil Liberties Union comments on media violence research （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Debate Hour Radio Recording on MV effects (mp3 file)[永久失效链接]
- Open Questions on the Correlation Between Television and Violence （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
注脚
[编辑]- ^ Anderson, C.A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L.R., Johnson, J.D., Linz, D., Malamuth, N.M., & Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth[永久失效链接]. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(3), 2003.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Huesmann, L.R, and Laramie D Taylor. 2006. "The Role of Media Violence in Violent Behavior （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Annual Review of Public Health. 27: 393.
- ^ Bushman, Brad & Anderson, C. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific fact versus media misinformation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. American Psychologist, 56(6-7), pp. 477-489.
- ^ Block JJ, Crain BR (2007). "Omissions and errors in 'media violence and the American public.'". The American psychologist 62 (3): 252-3. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.252. PMID 17469907
- ^ Savage, J. (2004.) Does viewing violent media really cause criminal violence? A methodological review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, pp. 99-128. ISSN 1359-1789
- ^ Freedman, J. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression.: Assessing the scientific evidence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0802035530
- ^ Huesmann, L.R. (1998). "The role of social information processing and cognitive schema in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior". In R. G. Geen, & E. I. Donnerstein (Eds.), Human aggression: Theories, research, and implications for policy (pp. 73-109). New York: Academic Press. ISBN 9780122788055. OCLC 39791314
- ^ Buss, David M. The Murderer Next Door : Why The Mind Is Designed To Kill, Penguin Press 2005 ISBN 978-1594200434
参考资料
[编辑]- Anderson, C., & Dill, K. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior in the laboratory and in life （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 772-790.
- Bargh, J. (2005). Bypassing the will: Towards demystifying the nonconscious control of social behavior. In R. Hassin, J. Uleman and J. Bargh (Eds.) The New Unconscious. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195149951
- Bargh, J., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). "Automaticity of Social Behavior: Direct Effects of Trait Construct and Stereotype Activation on Action （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2).
- Bartholow, B. D., Bushman, B. J., & Sestir, M. A. (2006). "Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization to violence: Behavioral and event-related brain potential data". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 532-539. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.08.006
- Berkowitz, L. (1965). Some aspects of observed aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 359-369. PMID 14333308
- Block JJ, Crain BR (2007). "Omissions and errors in 'media violence and the American public.'". American Psychologist 62 (3): 252-3. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.252. PMID 17469907
- Bushman, Brad & Anderson, C. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific fact versus media misinformation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. American Psychologist, 56(6-7), pp. 477-489.
- Bushman, Brad, & Anderson, C. (2002). Violent video games and hostile expectations: A test of the General Aggression Model （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1679-1686.
- Comstock, G. & Scharrer, E. (2003). Meta-analyzing the controversy over television violence and aggression. In D. Gentile (Ed.) Media Violence and Children, pp. 205-226. ISBN 978-0275979560
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- Freedman, Jonathan L. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression.: Assessing the scientific evidence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0802035530
- Freedman, J. Evaluating the Research on Violent Video Games.
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- Huesmann, L.R, Moise, J.F., & Podolski, C.L. (1997). The effects of media violence on the development of antisocial behavior. In D. Stoff, J. Breiling & Master (Eds.) Handbook of Antisocial Behavior (pp. 181- 193). New York: John Wiley & Sons ISBN 978-0471124528
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- Jones, Gerard (2002). Killing monsters: why children need fantasy, super heroes and make-believe violence. New York : Basic Books ISBN 978-0465036967
- Larsson, H., Andershed, A., & Lichtenstein, P. (In Press). A genetic factor explains most of the variation in the psychopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2006, 115(2) PMID 16737387
- Mussen, P., & Rutherford, E. (1961). "Effects of aggressive cartoons on children’s aggressive play" Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 461-464. PMID 13727111
- Olson, C. (2004). Media Violence Research and Youth Violence Data: Why Do They Conflict? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Academic Psychiatry, 28, 144-150.
- Paik, H. & Comstock, G. (1994). The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Communication Research, 21(4), 516-546.
- 史迪芬·平克 (2002) The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York, NY: Penguin (ISBN 0-670-03151-8)
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- Slater, Michael D. Alienation, Aggression, and Sensation Seeking as Predictors of Adolescent Use of Violent Film, Computer, and Website Content. Journal of Communication (Oxford University Press (OUP)). 2003-03-01, 53 (1): 105–121. ISSN 0021-9916. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb03008.x.
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- Vidal, Miguel Ángel, Clemente, Miguel & Espinosa, Pablo. (2003). "Types of Media Violence and Degree of Acceptance in Under-18s[永久失效链接]" Aggressive Behavior, 29(5), 381-392. doi:10.1002/ab.10037 ISSN 0096-140X