布鲁塞尔效应
外观
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布鲁塞尔效应(英语:Brussels effect),是指欧盟事实上(但不一定是法律上)通过市场机制将其法律推广至境外,导致其单边监管全球化的过程。因为布鲁塞尔效应,受监管的实体,特别是公司,最终会出于各种原因,即使处在欧盟之外,也遵守欧盟法律。
词源
[编辑]2012年,哥伦比亚大学法律教授布雷佛德创造该术语[1][2][3],以美国类似的概念“加州效应”(英语:California effect)命名。[4]
原因
[编辑]欧洲联盟的市场规模、市场重要性[1]、相对严格的标准与监管能力[5] 促使国际业者发现若在非欧盟市场上保持低标准,在经济上、法律上或技术上都是不切实际的。非欧盟公司为在全球范围贸易,统一采用欧盟制定的标准是有益的。 [6][7]
影响
[编辑]加州效应与布鲁塞尔效应都是监管竞争的某种形式。处在多种监管环境中的公司有诱因采用最严格的标准,以更容易在全球范围内生产与出口。[8][9][10] 与此相反,德拉瓦州效应(英语:Delaware effect)则是司法辖区有意降低监管要求,以吸引寻求最不严格标准的企业。[11]
迄今为止,学者们无法通过经验验证布鲁塞尔效应在国际法中的界限,特别是世贸法中的界限。[12] 不仅如此,是否发生布鲁塞尔效应,无须积累地满足布雷佛德设定的先决条件。[13] 研究显示,根据所涉法规的背景,欧盟的监管权力有很大差异。[14][15]
参见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]注脚
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Bradford, Anu. The Brussels Effect. Northwestern University Law Review (PDF). Columbia Law and Economics Working Paper No. 533. 2012, 107 (1). SSRN 2770634
.
- ^ Lecture, March 2012 – "The Brussels Effect: The Rise of a Regulatory Superstate in Europe"
- ^ Bradford, Anu. The Brussels Effect: How the European Union Rules the World. Oxford University Press. 2020. ISBN 978-0-19-008858-3. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088583.001.0001 (英语).
- ^ Vogel, David. Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental regulation in a global economy
. Harvard University Press. 1995. ISBN 9780674900837.
- ^ Bach, David; Newman, Abraham. The European regulatory state and global public policy: micro-institutions, macro-influence. Journal of European Public Policy. 2007. doi:10.1080/13501760701497659.
- ^ Hot U.S. Import: European Regulations. The Wall Street Journal. 7 May 2018.
- ^ The Brussels Effect: The Rise of a Regulatory Superstate in Europe. Columbia Law School. 8 January 2013 [17 May 2018]. (原始内容存档于4 May 2018).
- ^ Why the whole world feels the 'Brussels effect'. Financial Times. November 2017.
- ^ Why the 'Brussels effect' will undermine Brexit regulatory push. Financial Times. July 2017.
- ^ Bach, David. Three Questions: Prof. David Bach on the Reach of European Privacy Regulations. Yale Insights. 25 May 2018.
- ^ Wright, Robert E. How Delaware Became the King of U.S. Corporate Charters. Bloomberg View. 8 June 2012 [18 May 2018]. (原始内容存档于16 March 2016).
- ^ Sinopoli, Dominique; Purnhagen, Kai. Reversed Harmonization or Horizontalization of EU standards?: Does WTO Law Facilitate or Contrain the Brussels Effect?. Wisconsin International Law Journal. 2016: 92–119.
- ^ Sinopoli, Dominique; Purnhagen, Kai. Reversed Harmonization or Horizontalization of EU standards?: Does WTO Law Facilitate or Contrain the Brussels Effect?. Wisconsin International Law Journal. 2016: 92–119.
- ^ Young, Alasdair R. "The European Union as a global regulator? Context and comparison." Journal of European Public Policy 22, no. 9 (2015): 1233-1252.
- ^ Young, Alasdair R. "Europe as a global regulator? The limits of EU influence in international food safety standards." Journal of European Public Policy 21, no. 6 (2014): 904-922.
书籍
[编辑]- Bradford, Anu. The Brussels Effect: How the European Union Rules the World. Oxford University Press. 2020. ISBN 978-0190088583.