專制君主 (宮廷頭銜)
外觀
專制君主( 希臘語:δεσπότης,拉丁化:despótēs)是拜占庭帝國的宮廷頭銜,最初僅授予皇位繼承人,後來也授予其他皇子或駙馬。拜占庭皇帝曼努埃爾一世於1163年創造這一頭銜,並將其授予他的駙馬、未來的匈牙利國王貝拉三世(不過其頭銜於1169年曼努埃爾一世之子阿歷克塞二世出生後被撤銷)。專制君主在拜占庭的貴族等級中是僅次於皇帝與共治皇帝的重要頭銜。
除拜占庭帝國外,「專制君主」這一頭銜還擴散到許多受拜占庭文化影響的國家,如拉丁帝國、保加利亞第二帝國、塞爾維亞帝國、特拉比松帝國等。此外,除了是拜占庭的宮廷頭銜外,「專制君主」後來也成為了拜占庭冊封的領主頭銜或受其文化影響的君主頭銜,相應的領地被稱為「專制國」(despotate),如伊庇魯斯專制國、摩里亞專制國、塞爾維亞專制國。
雖含有「專制」一詞,但專制君主與專制主義並無關連,意義類似於西歐的國王、親王或大公。[註 1]
注釋
[編輯]- ^ 雖「專制君主」這一譯名可能產生歧義,但這是目前該詞約定俗成的中文譯名,如陳志強著《拜占庭帝國通史》等便使用該譯名。
參考文獻
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