喜瑪拉雅狼
外觀
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喜瑪拉雅狼![]() | |
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尼泊爾安納布林納峰保護區內的喜瑪拉雅狼 | |
科學分類 ![]() | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
綱: | 哺乳綱 Mammalia |
目: | 食肉目 Carnivora |
科: | 犬科 Canidae |
屬: | 犬屬 Canis |
種: | C. lupus
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亞種: | 喜瑪拉雅狼 C. l. chanco
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三名法 | |
Canis lupus chanco | |
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喜馬拉雅狼分佈(高地紅點)與全北界灰狼(低地藍點)的比較[2] |
喜馬拉雅狼(學名:Canis lupus chanco)[3]是一種具爭議的犬屬分類[2]。根據它的遺傳標記,其粒線體DNA顯示它的遺傳基群是北極灰狼,而在遺傳上則與藏狼相同[2][4][5]。喜瑪拉雅狼與非洲金狼(Canis lupaster)間也有關聯[2][5][6]。在喜瑪拉雅狼和藏狼的狼之間並沒有明顯的形態差異。[7]喜馬拉雅狼生活在喜馬拉雅山的拉達克、青藏高原[8][9]和中亞高地。它們主要在海拔4000公尺以上。喜瑪拉雅狼已經適應了低氧環境,而其他狼只發現在低海拔地區。[9]
特徵
[編輯]喜馬拉雅狼有厚厚的皮毛,背部和尾巴呈暗褐色,面部、腹部和四肢呈黃白色。它長約110公分(45英寸),肩高76公分(30英寸)[10][11][12][13]。比伊朗狼大[14]。口吻、眼睛下方、上臉頰和耳朵上都有緊密排列的黑色斑點[15]。重大約35公斤(77磅)[7]。
喜馬拉雅狼的心臟能承受高海拔地區的低氧水平,使它的心臟跳動的基因RYR2為其原因[16]。
生活習慣
[編輯]喜馬拉雅狼是群居動物,一群狼的數量大約為6至8隻。一些喜馬拉雅狼的棲息範圍與印度狼重疊。然而,兩者似乎很少發生衝突。[17]
喜瑪拉雅狼通常在晚上捕獵,主要捕捉中小型動物。主要為齧齒動物和兔子,有時也會捕捉大型動物。其中包括岩羊、藏羚羊、喜馬拉雅旱獺等。[18]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Gray, J. E. Notice of the Chanco or Golden Wolf (Canis chanco) from Chinese Tartary. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1863: 94.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Werhahn, Geraldine; Senn, Helen; Ghazali, Muhammad; Karmacharya, Dibesh; Sherchan, Adarsh Man; Joshi, Jyoti; Kusi, Naresh; López-Bao, José Vincente; Rosen, Tanya; Kachel, Shannon; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio. The unique genetic adaptation of the Himalayan wolf to high-altitudes and consequences for conservation. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2018-10, 16 [2022-07-21]. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00455. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-29) (英語).
- ^ Alvares, F.; Bogdanowicz, W.; Campbell, L.A.D.; Godinho, R.; Hatlauf, J.; Jhala, Y.V.; Kitchener, A. C.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Krofel, M.; Moehlman, P. D.; Senn, H.; Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Viranta, S.; Werhahn, G. Old World Canis spp. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations (PDF) (報告). Vairão, Portugal: IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos. 28th–30th May 2019 [2020-03-06]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-03-08).
- ^ Ersmark, Erik; Klütsch, Cornelya F. C.; Chan, Yvonne L.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Fain, Steven R.; Illarionova, Natalia A.; Oskarsson, Mattias; Uhlén, Mathias; Zhang, Ya-ping; Dalén, Love; Savolainen, Peter. From the Past to the Present: Wolf Phylogeography and Demographic History Based on the Mitochondrial Control Region. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2016-12-02, 4 [2022-07-21]. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2016.00134. (原始內容存檔於2017-03-13).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Werhahn, Geraldine; Senn, Helen; Kaden, Jennifer; Joshi, Jyoti; Bhattarai, Susmita; Kusi, Naresh; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Macdonald, David W. Phylogenetic evidence for the ancient Himalayan wolf: towards a clarification of its taxonomic status based on genetic sampling from western Nepal. Royal Society Open Science. 2017-06, 4 (6) [2022-07-21]. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5493914
. PMID 28680672. doi:10.1098/rsos.170186. (原始內容存檔於2022-08-03) (英語).
- ^ Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; Schweizer, Rena M.; Thalmann, Olaf; Silva, Pedro; Fan, Zhenxin; Yurchenko, Andrey A. Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species. Current Biology. 2015-08, 25 (16) [2022-07-21]. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. (原始內容存檔於2022-08-03) (英語).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Shrotriya, S.; Lyngdoh, S.; Habib, B. Wolves in Trans-Himalayas: 165 years of taxonomic confusion (PDF). Current Science. 2012, 103 (8) [June 27, 2014]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-09-23).
- ^ Joshi, BheemDutt; Lyngdoh, Salvador; Singh, Sujeet Kumar; Sharma, Reeta; Kumar, Vinay; Tiwari, Ved Prakash; Dar, S. A.; Maheswari, Aishwarya; Pal, Ranjana; Bashir, Tawqir; Reshamwala, Hussain Saifee. Janke, Axel , 編. Revisiting the Woolly wolf (Canis lupus chanco) phylogeny in Himalaya: Addressing taxonomy, spatial extent and distribution of an ancient lineage in Asia. PLOS ONE. 2020-04-16, 15 (4). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7162449
. PMID 32298359. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231621 (英語).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Werhahn, Geraldine; Liu, Yanjiang; Meng, Yao; Cheng, Chen; Lu, Zhi; Atzeni, Luciano; Deng, Zhixiong; Kun, Shi; Shao, Xinning; Lu, Qi; Joshi, Jyoti. Himalayan wolf distribution and admixture based on multiple genetic markers. Journal of Biogeography. 2020-06, 47 (6) [2022-07-21]. ISSN 0305-0270. doi:10.1111/jbi.13824. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-21) (英語).
- ^ Hodgson, B. H. 7. Description of the Wild Ass (Asinus polydon) and Wolf of Tibet (Lupus laniger). Calcutta Journal of Natural History. 1847, 7: 469–477.
- ^ Blanford, W. T. Canis lupus. The Wolf. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia First. London: Taylor and Francis. 1888: 135–140.
- ^ Lydekker, R. The Tibetan Wolf. The great and small game of India, Burma, and Tibet. London: R. Ward. 1900: 339–340.
- ^ Pocock, R. I. Canis lupus chanco Gray. The Woolly Wolf. Fauna of British India. Mammals Volume 2. London: Taylor and Francis. 1941: 86–90.
- ^ Jerdon, T. C. The Indian wolf. The mammals of India: a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India. London: John Wheldon. 1874: 140–141.
- ^ Chetri, Madhu; Jhala, Yadvendradev; Jnawali, Shant Raj; Subedi, Naresh; Dhakal, Maheshwar; Yumnam, Bibek. Ancient Himalayan wolf (Canis lupus chanco) lineage in Upper Mustang of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. ZooKeys. 2016-04-21, 582 [2022-07-21]. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 4857050
. PMID 27199590. doi:10.3897/zookeys.582.5966. (原始內容存檔於2022-01-26).
- ^ Zhang, Wenping; Fan, Zhenxin; Han, Eunjung; Hou, Rong; Zhang, Liang; Galaverni, Marco; Huang, Jie; Liu, Hong; Silva, Pedro; Li, Peng; Pollinger, John P. Akey, Joshua M. , 編. Hypoxia Adaptations in the Grey Wolf (Canis lupus chanco) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PLoS Genetics. 2014-07-31, 10 (7). ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4117439
. PMID 25078401. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004466 (英語).
- ^ Himalayan Wolf. Wolf Facts. [2022-01-09]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-23).
- ^ Himalayan Wolf (Canis himalayensis). The Wolf Intelligencer. [2022-01-09]. (原始內容存檔於2022-01-11).
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