奉上級命令

奉上級命令，又稱「只是遵循命令行事」，在歐美法律術語中也稱「紐倫堡抗辯」，是法律審判中一種特殊的辯解方式；即認為被告所犯下的罪行，若是其僅因遵循上級軍官或官員的命令或行動，則不應被視作犯罪。這一抗辯方式有時也被視作是指揮責任的延申補充。^[1]^[2]^[3]

此辯解最知名的一次使用是在1945年至1946年，就德國於第二次世界大戰犯下的戰爭罪行召開之紐倫堡審判中，因而也被稱作「紐倫堡抗辯」。此次審判依據盟軍所簽訂之《倫敦憲章》設立，其中規定「奉上級命令」不得作爲被告脫罪理由，但允許合議庭得適當採用作爲量刑標準。^[4]相關的規定在設立遠東國際軍事法庭的《東京憲章》中也有體現。

此辯解方式在法學界中有不同的爭議，其中涵括法學論辯、裁決或具體法律上的體現。就歷史上來說，「奉上級命令」在紐倫堡審判之前或之後都曾被使用過，但具體的裁決並不一致，其中較具普世性的裁決可能是國際刑事法院訴博斯科·恩塔甘達案的審理。^[5]

文獻資料

^ See L.C. Green, Superior Orders in National and International Law, (A. W. Sijthoff International Publishing Co., Netherlands, 1976)
^ Mark J. Osiel, Obeying Orders: Atrocity, Military Discipline, and the Law of War, (Transactions Publishers, New Brunswick, N.J., 1999).
^ See James B. Insco, Defense of Superior Orders Before Military Commissions, Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, 13 DUKEJCIL 389 (Spring, 2003). Asserting in the author's view that a respondeat superior approach to superior orders is an "underinclusive extreme".
^ H. T. King Jr., The Legacy of Nuremberg, Case Western Journal of International Law, Vol. 34. (Fall 2002) at p. 335.e
^ Situation In The Democratic Republic Of The Congo In The Case Of The Prosecutor V. Bosco Ntaganda (PDF). icc-cpi.int. International Criminal Court. 30 March 2021 [18 October 2022]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於15 July 2022）（英語）.

[1] See L.C. Green, Superior Orders in National and International Law, (A. W. Sijthoff International Publishing Co., Netherlands, 1976)

[2] Mark J. Osiel, Obeying Orders: Atrocity, Military Discipline, and the Law of War, (Transactions Publishers, New Brunswick, N.J., 1999).

[3] See James B. Insco, Defense of Superior Orders Before Military Commissions, Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, 13 DUKEJCIL 389 (Spring, 2003). Asserting in the author's view that a respondeat superior approach to superior orders is an "underinclusive extreme".

[4] H. T. King Jr., The Legacy of Nuremberg, Case Western Journal of International Law, Vol. 34. (Fall 2002) at p. 335.e

[5] Situation In The Democratic Republic Of The Congo In The Case Of The Prosecutor V. Bosco Ntaganda (PDF). icc-cpi.int. International Criminal Court. 30 March 2021 [18 October 2022]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於15 July 2022）（英語）.

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