阿拉伯復興社會黨 (敘利亞主導派)

伊拉克分支
伊拉克分支
地區書記	穆塔布·謝南
助理地區書記	馬哈茂德·拉沙德·謝赫·拉迪
成立	1966年

阿拉伯復興社會黨
حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي‎
阿拉伯復興社會黨; حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي‎
	阿拉伯復興社會黨標誌
總書記	巴夏爾·阿塞德
成立	1966年2月25日
分裂自	阿拉伯復興社會黨
總部	敘利亞大馬士革
黨報	《復興消息》
意識形態	新復興主義; 阿塞德主義; 阿拉伯民族主義; 泛阿拉伯主義; 阿拉伯社會主義; 敘利亞民族主義（英語：Syrian nationalism）; 敘利亞民族統一主義（英語：Syria (region)）; 反帝國主義; 反錫安主義; 歷史上：; 革命社會主義（1966年—1970年）
政治立場	左翼
官方色彩	; 黑、紅、白、綠（泛阿拉伯顏色）
敘利亞人民議會	169 / 250
黎巴嫩議會	1 / 128
黨旗
官方網站
	baath-party.org

阿拉伯復興社會黨（阿拉伯語：حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي‎，羅馬化：Ḥizb al-Ba『th al-『Arabī al-Ishtirākī），簡稱復興黨，又被稱為親敘利亞復興運動，是一個在阿拉伯世界有眾多黨部的新復興主義政黨。該黨在1966年2月阿拉伯復興社會黨分裂後出現，由敘利亞政府主導。在1970至2000年間，該黨由時任敘利亞總統與總書記哈菲茲·阿塞德領導；2018年10月以前，該黨的領導權由阿塞德之子巴夏爾·阿塞德（敘利亞地區黨部領導人）與阿布杜拉·艾哈邁爾（英語：Abdullah al-Ahmar）（泛阿拉伯民族組織領導人）共享。2017年，敘利亞地區領導機構與民族領導機構合併，巴夏爾·阿塞德成為中央領導機構總書記。阿拉伯復興社會黨—敘利亞地區是該黨最大的分支。

領導制度

總書記

哈菲茲·阿塞德在1970年成為敘利亞地區領導機構書記，之後成為民族領導機構總書記^[3]^[4]。即使在阿塞德過世後，其仍是民族領導機構的正式總書記；而敘利亞地區領導機構書記則由其子巴夏爾·阿塞德接替。

阿布杜拉·艾哈邁爾（英語：Abdullah al-Ahmar）在1971至2018年間任民族領導機構副總書記。2017年巴夏爾·阿塞德被選為民族委員會總書記。2018年起，希拉爾·希拉爾（英語：Hilal Hilal）任中央領導機構副總書記。

歷任總書記

努爾丁·阿塔西（1966年－1970年）
哈菲茲·阿塞德（1970年9月12日－2000年6月10日）
阿布杜拉·艾哈邁爾（英語：Abdullah al-Ahmar）（署理，2000年6月10日－2017年5月14日）
巴夏爾·阿塞德（2017年5月18日－，現任）

民族委員會

在該黨第十四次民族代表大會時，該黨原有的領導機構「民族領導機構」被「民主委員會」取代，民族委員會將由復興黨各地區領導機構書記組成。

民族代表大會

第一次到第八次民族代表大會為分裂之前的阿拉伯復興社會黨舉辦。

第九次民族代表大會（1966年9月25－29日）
- 第九次非常民族代表大會（1967年9月）
第十次民族代表大會（1968年10月）
- 第十次非常民族代表大會（1967年10－11月）
第十一次民族代表大會（1971年8月）
第十二次民族代表大會（1975年7月）
第十三次民族代表大會（1980年7月27日－8月2日）
第十四次民族代表大會（2017年5月15日－21日）

組織

分支

伊拉克

該黨在伊拉克又被稱作「左翼復興黨」或「伊拉克地區」（Qutr Al-Iraq）^[5]^[6]。較著名的黨員有馬哈茂德·謝赫·拉迪、法齊·穆特拉克·拉維（英語：Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi）與馬哈茂德·沙姆薩^[7]。該黨反對海珊的統治^[8]，也是第一個被海珊針對的團體。在海珊政權的鎮壓下，復興黨伊拉克黨部失去了數百名幹部^[9]。拉迪在1970年代常駐於敘利亞^[10]。

該黨稱海珊政權為「法西斯」。當兩伊戰爭在1970年爆發時，該黨與伊拉克共產黨、庫德斯坦愛國聯盟和庫德社會黨參與了伊拉克愛國與民主陣線的建立，該陣線宣示要推翻海珊^{[註 1]}。

在1980年代，該黨與開始與伊拉克伊斯蘭最高委員會（英語：Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq）合作^[9]。1989年，該黨在大馬士革舉行了第一場伊拉克反對派大會。該黨也參與了1991年在貝魯特舉辦的伊拉克反對派會議^[6] 。1999年，拉迪停留在英國^[11]。該黨是伊拉克國民武裝力量聯盟的三個構成團體之一（另外兩個是伊拉克共產黨與伊斯蘭達瓦黨）。該聯盟同時反對海珊政權與美國干涉^[12]。在2003年入侵伊拉克前夕，該黨公開譴責美國參與對流亡伊拉克異議人士的組織^[13]。

在海珊政權垮台後，對於該黨是否也適用去復興黨化（英語：de-Ba'athification）法令存在疑問^[14]。2008年，拉迪請求准許該黨在伊拉克運作並被允許參與和解過程^[5]。作為回應，伊拉克政府表示「復興黨伊拉克黨部」與「海珊的復興黨」為不同的團體，因為在海珊政權時期該黨曾參與反對派會議^[14]。直到2009年時，該黨伊拉克黨部仍位於敘利亞境內^[15]。

2018年時，拉迪訪問巴格達，並在和解談話時與伊拉克總統福阿德·馬蘇姆會面^[16]。

約旦

黎巴嫩

茅利塔尼亞

巴勒斯坦

蘇丹

敘利亞

突尼西亞

葉門

參考文獻

^ Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. Baath Message. [2012-08-02]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-14）.
^
參考文獻：
- Cavoški, Jovan. Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. 2022: 101. ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5. Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.
- I. Dawisha, Adeed. 3: External and Internal Setting. Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1980: 45. ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5. The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.
- The Israel Economist 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970: 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.
- Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. 2004: 22. ISBN 0-7146-5576-7. radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria.
- S. Abu Jaber, Kamel. The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press. 1966: xii–xiii, 33–47, 75–97. LCCN 66-25181. The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party.
- Hopwood, Derek. Syria 1945-1986: Politics and Society. Routledge. 2013: 45–46, 73–75, 90. ISBN 9781317818427. doi:10.4324/9781315818955. The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis.. struggle between 『moderates』 and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state.
- Phillips, Christopher. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London, UK: Yale University Press. 2020: 11 [2023-08-20]. ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-21）. In 1963.. the socialist Ba』ath Party, seized power. The radical left wing of the party then launched an internal coup in 1966, initiating accelerated land reform
- Mikhaĭlovich Vasilʹev, Alekseĭ. Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism. University of Michigan, USA: Ithaca Press. 1993: 63, 76 [2023-08-20]. ISBN 978-0863721687. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-22）. Syrian Baathist version of Arab nationalism and socialism offered plenty of points of contact with Soviet policy.. when the left-wing Baathist faction led by Nureddin Atasi came to power, accelerated Syria’s rapprochement with the Soviet Union.. for the USSR Syria remained an uneasy ally whose actions were beyond control, often unpredictable and the cause of complications. The ultra-leftist slogans originating from Damascus (such as a 「people’s war」) were not received enthusiastically in Moscow. Mustafa Tlas, the new Syrian chief of staff, was a theoretician of guerrilla warfare and had even translated works by Che Guevara who was not particularly popular among the Soviet leaders."
- Climent, James. World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era 2nd. New York: Routledge. 2015: 383 [2023-08-20]. ISBN 978-0-7656-8284-0. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-06）. influence of different views, came from the more radical left-wing nationalist groups. These groups included.. Syria's Ba'ath party which seized power in Damascus in 1963
^ Perthes, Volker. The Political Economy of Syria Under Asad. I.B. Tauris. 1997: 140. ISBN 1-86064-192-X.
^ Perthes, Volker. The Current digest of the Soviet Press 26. American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. 1974: 4–5. |number=被忽略 (幫助)
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Al-Ray News. اخبار العراق كما اوردتها الصحافة العربية والعالمية （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Al-Ittihad. لا تفرطوا بـ"قيادة قطر العراق"..! （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
^ U.S. Labor Against War. Who's Who in the Iraqi Opposition 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2016-03-10.
^ البعث السوري العراقي: نحن الذين اوصلنا رجال الحكم الحاليين الى السلطة. Aljewar.org. 2012-01-25 [2012-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-02）.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Asharq al-Awsat. عبد المهدي: اللقاء بحزب البعث ـ تنظيم العراق لم ينقطع.. ولا مشكلة لنا مع القوميين 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2012-04-01.
^ Al-Ittihad. في الذكرى الثالثة والثلاثين لميلاد الأتحاد عبدالرزاق فيلي 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2012-04-25.
^ Iraqi Patriotic Alliance. قداسة الحبر الأعظم يوحنا بولص الثاني المحترم 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2012-04-25.
^ Salucci, Illario. A People's History of Iraq: the Iraqi Communist Party, Workers' movements and the Left, 1924–2004. Haymarket Books. 2005: 102. ISBN 1-931859-14-0.
^ Nahrain. مقاطعو مؤتمر لندن للمعارضة العراقية لماذا يقاطعون؟ 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2005-02-21.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 حقيقة الجدل العراقي حول الانفتاح على (حزب البعث) السابق - مركز النور. Alnoor.se. [2012-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2017-12-30）.
^ 存档副本. [2011-10-24]. （原始內容存檔於2010-12-13）.
^ Elaph. مسؤول بعث العراق "السوري" بمباحثات مصالحة في بغداد （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

備註

^ 敘利亞在兩伊戰爭中支持伊朗

[1] Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. Baath Message. [2012-08-02]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-14）.

[Far-left_political_position-2] 參考文獻：
Cavoški, Jovan. Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. 2022: 101. ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5. Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.

I. Dawisha, Adeed. 3: External and Internal Setting. Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1980: 45. ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5. The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.

The Israel Economist 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970: 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.

Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. 2004: 22. ISBN 0-7146-5576-7. radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria.

S. Abu Jaber, Kamel. The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press. 1966: xii–xiii, 33–47, 75–97. LCCN 66-25181. The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party.

Hopwood, Derek. Syria 1945-1986: Politics and Society. Routledge. 2013: 45–46, 73–75, 90. ISBN 9781317818427. doi:10.4324/9781315818955. The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis.. struggle between 『moderates』 and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state.

Phillips, Christopher. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London, UK: Yale University Press. 2020: 11 [2023-08-20]. ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-21）. In 1963.. the socialist Ba』ath Party, seized power. The radical left wing of the party then launched an internal coup in 1966, initiating accelerated land reform

Mikhaĭlovich Vasilʹev, Alekseĭ. Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism. University of Michigan, USA: Ithaca Press. 1993: 63, 76 [2023-08-20]. ISBN 978-0863721687. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-22）. Syrian Baathist version of Arab nationalism and socialism offered plenty of points of contact with Soviet policy.. when the left-wing Baathist faction led by Nureddin Atasi came to power, accelerated Syria’s rapprochement with the Soviet Union.. for the USSR Syria remained an uneasy ally whose actions were beyond control, often unpredictable and the cause of complications. The ultra-leftist slogans originating from Damascus (such as a 「people’s war」) were not received enthusiastically in Moscow. Mustafa Tlas, the new Syrian chief of staff, was a theoretician of guerrilla warfare and had even translated works by Che Guevara who was not particularly popular among the Soviet leaders."

Climent, James. World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era 2nd. New York: Routledge. 2015: 383 [2023-08-20]. ISBN 978-0-7656-8284-0. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-06）. influence of different views, came from the more radical left-wing nationalist groups. These groups included.. Syria's Ba'ath party which seized power in Damascus in 1963

[3] Cavoški, Jovan. Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. 2022: 101. ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5. Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.

[4] I. Dawisha, Adeed. 3: External and Internal Setting. Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1980: 45. ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5. The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.

[5] The Israel Economist 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970: 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.

[6] Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. 2004: 22. ISBN 0-7146-5576-7. radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria.

[7] S. Abu Jaber, Kamel. The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press. 1966: xii–xiii, 33–47, 75–97. LCCN 66-25181. The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party.

[8] Hopwood, Derek. Syria 1945-1986: Politics and Society. Routledge. 2013: 45–46, 73–75, 90. ISBN 9781317818427. doi:10.4324/9781315818955. The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis.. struggle between 『moderates』 and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state.

[9] Phillips, Christopher. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London, UK: Yale University Press. 2020: 11 [2023-08-20]. ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-21）. In 1963.. the socialist Ba』ath Party, seized power. The radical left wing of the party then launched an internal coup in 1966, initiating accelerated land reform

[10] Mikhaĭlovich Vasilʹev, Alekseĭ. Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism. University of Michigan, USA: Ithaca Press. 1993: 63, 76 [2023-08-20]. ISBN 978-0863721687. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-22）. Syrian Baathist version of Arab nationalism and socialism offered plenty of points of contact with Soviet policy.. when the left-wing Baathist faction led by Nureddin Atasi came to power, accelerated Syria’s rapprochement with the Soviet Union.. for the USSR Syria remained an uneasy ally whose actions were beyond control, often unpredictable and the cause of complications. The ultra-leftist slogans originating from Damascus (such as a 「people’s war」) were not received enthusiastically in Moscow. Mustafa Tlas, the new Syrian chief of staff, was a theoretician of guerrilla warfare and had even translated works by Che Guevara who was not particularly popular among the Soviet leaders."

[11] Climent, James. World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era 2nd. New York: Routledge. 2015: 383 [2023-08-20]. ISBN 978-0-7656-8284-0. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-06）. influence of different views, came from the more radical left-wing nationalist groups. These groups included.. Syria's Ba'ath party which seized power in Damascus in 1963

[pol-3] Perthes, Volker. The Political Economy of Syria Under Asad. I.B. Tauris. 1997: 140. ISBN 1-86064-192-X.

[4] Perthes, Volker. The Current digest of the Soviet Press 26. American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. 1974: 4–5. |number=被忽略 (幫助)

[ra-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Al-Ray News. اخبار العراق كما اوردتها الصحافة العربية والعالمية （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[it-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Al-Ittihad. لا تفرطوا بـ"قيادة قطر العراق"..! （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[7] U.S. Labor Against War. Who's Who in the Iraqi Opposition 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2016-03-10.

[8] البعث السوري العراقي: نحن الذين اوصلنا رجال الحكم الحاليين الى السلطة. Aljewar.org. 2012-01-25 [2012-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-02）.

[aws-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Asharq al-Awsat. عبد المهدي: اللقاء بحزب البعث ـ تنظيم العراق لم ينقطع.. ولا مشكلة لنا مع القوميين 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2012-04-01.

[10] Al-Ittihad. في الذكرى الثالثة والثلاثين لميلاد الأتحاد عبدالرزاق فيلي 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2012-04-25.

[12] Iraqi Patriotic Alliance. قداسة الحبر الأعظم يوحنا بولص الثاني المحترم 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2012-04-25.

[it-2-13] Salucci, Illario. A People's History of Iraq: the Iraqi Communist Party, Workers' movements and the Left, 1924–2004. Haymarket Books. 2005: 102. ISBN 1-931859-14-0.

[14] Nahrain. مقاطعو مؤتمر لندن للمعارضة العراقية لماذا يقاطعون؟ 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2005-02-21.

[no-15] 14.0 ^14.1 حقيقة الجدل العراقي حول الانفتاح على (حزب البعث) السابق - مركز النور. Alnoor.se. [2012-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2017-12-30）.

[mon-16] 存档副本. [2011-10-24]. （原始內容存檔於2010-12-13）.

[17] Elaph. مسؤول بعث العراق "السوري" بمباحثات مصالحة في بغداد （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[11] 敘利亞在兩伊戰爭中支持伊朗

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[註 1]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]