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{{Infobox Hurricane |
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{{about|the U.S. politician|his grandson, the soldier killed at the [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]]|John J. Crittenden III}} |
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| Name=Severe Tropical Cyclone Rewa |
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{{Infobox Officeholder |
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| Type=tropical cyclone |
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|birthname = John Jordan Crittenden |
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| Year=1994 |
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|image = John Jordan Crittenden - Brady 1855.jpg |
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| Basin=SPac |
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|office = 15th and 22nd [[United States Attorney General]] |
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| Image location=Rewa jan 16 1994 0555Z.jpg |
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|president = [[Millard Fillmore]] |
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| Image name=Tropical Cyclone Rewa near its peak intensity |
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|term_start = July 22, 1850 |
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| Formed={{start date|1993|12|26|df=y|z}} |
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|term_end = March 4, 1853 |
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| Dissipated={{end date|1994|01|23|df=y|Z}} |
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|predecessor = [[Reverdy Johnson]] |
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| Extratropical=21 January |
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|successor = [[Caleb Cushing]] |
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| 10-min winds=110 |
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|president2 = [[William Henry Harrison]]<br>[[John Tyler]] |
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| 1-min winds=125 |
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|term_start2 = March 5, 1841 |
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| Pressure=920 |
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|term_end2 = September 12, 1841 |
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| Fatalities=22 total |
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|predecessor2 = [[Henry D. Gilpin|Henry Gilpin]] |
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| Areas=[[Solomon Islands]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Eastern states of Australia|Eastern Australia]], [[New Caledonia]], [[Vanuatu]] and New Zealand |
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|successor2 = [[Hugh S. Legaré|Hugh Legaré]] |
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| Hurricane season=[[1993–94 South Pacific cyclone season|1993–94 South Pacific]] and the [[1993–94 Australian region cyclone season|Australian region cyclone seasons]] |
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|order3 = 17th [[Governor of Kentucky]] |
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|lieutenant3 = John Helm |
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|term_start3 = September 6, 1848 |
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|term_end3 = July 31, 1850 |
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|predecessor3 = [[William Owsley]] |
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|successor3 = [[John L. Helm]] |
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|state4 = Kentucky |
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|district4 = [[Kentucky's 8th congressional district|8th]] |
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|term_start4 = July 4, 1861 |
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|term_end4 = July 26, 1863 |
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|predecessor4 = [[William E. Simms|William Simms]] |
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|successor4 = [[William H. Randall|William Randall]] |
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|jr/sr5 = United States Senator |
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|state5 = [[Kentucky]] |
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|term_start5 = March 4, 1855 |
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|term_end5 = March 4, 1861 |
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|predecessor5 = [[Archibald Dixon]] |
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|successor5 = [[John C. Breckinridge|John Breckinridge]] |
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|term_start6 = March 31, 1842 |
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|term_end6 = June 12, 1848 |
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|predecessor6 = [[Henry Clay]] |
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|successor6 = [[Thomas Metcalfe (US politician)|Thomas Metcalfe]] |
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|term_start7 = March 4, 1835 |
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|term_end7 = March 4, 1841 |
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|predecessor7 = [[George M. Bibb|George Bibb]] |
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|successor7 = [[James Turner Morehead (Kentucky)|James Morehead]] |
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|term_start8 = March 4, 1817 |
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|term_end8 = March 4, 1819 |
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|predecessor8 = [[Martin D. Hardin|Martin Hardin]] |
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|successor8 = [[Richard Mentor Johnson|Richard Johnson]] |
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|birth_date = {{birth date|1787|9|10}} |
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|birth_place = [[Versailles, Kentucky|Versailles]], [[Kentucky]], United States |
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|death_date = {{death date and age|1863|7|26|1787|9|10}} |
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|death_place = [[Frankfort, Kentucky|Frankfort]], [[Kentucky]], United States |
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|party = [[Unionist Party (United States)|Unionist Party]] <small>(1861–1863)</small> |
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|otherparty = [[Democratic-Republican Party]] <small>(Before 1825)</small><br>[[National Republican Party]] <small>(1825–1830)</small> <br>[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] <small>(1830–1856)</small><br>[[Know Nothing|American Party]] <small>(1856–1859)</small><br>[[Constitutional Union Party (United States)|Constitutional Union]] <small>(1859–1861)</small> |
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|spouse = Sarah Lee<br>Maria Knox Todd<br>Elizabeth Moss |
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|alma_mater = [[Washington and Lee University|Washington College]]<br>[[The College of William & Mary|College of William and Mary]] |
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|profession = [[Lawyer]] |
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|religion = [[Presbyterianism]] |
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|branch = Kentucky Militia |
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|battles = [[War of 1812]] |
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|signature = John Jordan Crittenden Signature.svg |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Rewa''' affected six countries and caused 22 deaths on its 28-day journey across the South Pacific Ocean in December 1993 and January 1994. [[Tropical Cyclone|Cyclone]] Rewa developed from a [[tropical disturbance]] on 28 December south of [[Nauru]]. After forming, Rewa moved southwest through the [[Solomon Islands]], crossing the [[160th meridian east]] from the [[Tropical cyclone basins#South Pacific Ocean|South Pacific basin]] into the [[Tropical cyclone basins#Australian region|Australian region]]. The cyclone began to strengthen steadily and turned southward, paralleling the eastern Australian coast through 31 December. Rewa reached its initial peak intensity as a [[Tropical cyclone scales|Category 4]] tropical cyclone on 2 January. It maintained this intensity for about 12 hours before an increase in [[wind shear]] induced its weakening by 3 January. The cyclone turned southeastward and moved back into the South Pacific basin on 4 January, before it passed over [[New Caledonia]] between 5–6 January. After affecting New Caledonia, Rewa weakened to a [[tropical depression]] and turned northwestward before re-entering the Australian basin on 10 January. |
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[[File:John J. Crittenden at National Portrait Gallery IMG 4382.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Crittenden as he appears at the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]] |
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Over the following days, the cyclone showed signs of restrengthening and executed an elongated cyclonic loop to the southeast of [[Papua New Guinea]]. Rewa subsequently entered a phase of quick intensification while proceeding southeastward, peaking in intensity as a [[Australian scale|Category 5 severe tropical cyclone]]. It recurved toward the southwest while gradually weakening for several days. Although forecasters had predicted Rewa to make [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] near [[Mackay, Queensland]], the cyclone began interacting with an [[Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex|upper-level trough]] on 18 January, causing it to divert to the southeast and move along the Queensland coast. Rewa transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on 20 January, with its remnants bringing heavy rain to [[New Zealand]] three days later. |
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'''John Jordan Crittenden''' (September 10, 1787{{spaced ndash}}July 26, 1863) was a politician from the [[U.S. state]] of [[Kentucky]]. He represented the state in both the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] and twice served as [[United States Attorney General]] in the administrations of [[William Henry Harrison]], [[John Tyler]] and [[Millard Fillmore]]. He was also the [[List of Governors of Kentucky|17th]] [[governor of Kentucky]] and served in the [[Kentucky General Assembly|state legislature]]. Although frequently mentioned as a potential candidate for the [[President of the United States|U.S. presidency]], he never consented to run for the office. |
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The cyclone caused the deaths of 22 people on its course, affecting parts of the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, [[Eastern states of Australia|Eastern Australia]], New Caledonia, [[Vanuatu]] and New Zealand. Nine people in a banana [[dinghy]] en route to [[Rossel Island]] went missing at the height of the storm; they were presumed drowned after wreckage from their boat turned up at the island. In Queensland, three people died in traffic accidents caused by the storm, and another fatality occurred when a boy became trapped in a storm pipe. One death took place in New Caledonia, while flooding caused eight drownings in Papua New Guinea. After this usage of the name Rewa, the name was [[List of retired South Pacific tropical cyclone names#Tropical cyclone names retired in the 1990s|retired]]. |
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During his early political career, Crittenden served in the [[Kentucky House of Representatives]] and was chosen as [[Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives|speaker]] on several occasions. With the advent of the [[Second Party System]], he allied with the [[National Republican Party (United States)|National Republican]] (later [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]) Party and was a fervent supporter of [[Henry Clay]] and opponent of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] [[Andrew Jackson]] and [[Martin Van Buren]]. Jackson supporters in the Senate refused to confirm Crittenden's nomination by [[John Quincy Adams]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] in 1828, but after his brief service as [[Secretary of State of Kentucky|Kentucky Secretary of State]], the state legislature elected him to the second of his four non-consecutive stints in the U.S. Senate. Upon his election as president, [[William Henry Harrison]] appointed Crittenden as Attorney General, but 5 months after Harrison's death, political differences prompted him to resign rather than continue his service under Harrison's successor, [[John Tyler]]. |
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==Meteorological history== |
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He was returned to the Senate in 1842, serving until 1848, when he resigned to run for governor, hoping his election would help [[Zachary Taylor]] win Kentucky's vote in the [[United States presidential election, 1848|1848 presidential election]]. Taylor was elected, but Crittenden refused a post in his cabinet, fearing he would be charged with making a "[[corrupt bargain]]", as Clay had been in 1825. Following Taylor's death in 1850, Crittenden resigned the governorship and accepted [[Millard Fillmore]]'s appointment as attorney general. |
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[[File:Rewa 1993 track.png|thumb|left|Track map of Tropical Cyclone Rewa, based on data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The centre line represents 160°E, which is where the border between the Australian and South Pacific basin lies.]] |
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During 26 December, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]]'s [[Tropical Cyclone Warning Center]] in [[Nadi, Fiji]] <small>(TCWC Nadi)</small>, started to monitor a [[tropical depression]] that had developed within the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] about 575 km (355 mi) to the south-east of [[Nauru]].<ref name="Rewa FMS Report">{{cite report | title = Tropical Cyclone Rewa, 26 December 1993 - 21 January 1994 | type = Global tropical/extratropical cyclone climatic atlas | date = 1996-06-25 | publisher = Indiana University | author = Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Detachment | author2 = National Climatic Data Center | url = http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/virtcdlib/index.cgi/4274123/FID1/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1993_16.NAR%3B1|accessdate=5 March 2013|archivedate=5 March 2013|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Ety848NB}}</ref><ref name="JTWC BT">{{cite web|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1994/1994s-bsh/bsh051994.txt|title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone 05P (Rewa) Best Track Analysis|date= 2002-12-17 | author = Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center, Joint Typhoon Warning Center | publisher = United States Navy, United States Air Force|accessdate=17 August 2011}}</ref> Over the next few days the depression gradually developed and organised further, as it moved towards the west-southwest under the influence of a north-easterly steering flow.<ref name="Rewa FMS Report"/><ref name="DTDSDEC93">{{cite journal|title=December 1993|journal=Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement|year=1994|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|volume=12|issue=12|page=3|issn=1321-4233|author=Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199312.pdf|accessdate=11 January 2012}}</ref> During 28 December, the JTWC classified the depression as Tropical Cyclone 05P, before TCWC Nadi reported that the system had developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it Rewa.<ref name="Hanstrum">{{cite journal|title=The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1993–94|author1=Hanstrum, Barry N|author2=Smith K.J.|author3=Bate, Peter W|accessdate=17 August 2011|issue=45|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|pages=137–147|journal=Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/1996/hanstrum.pdf|date=2 June 1996}}</ref>{{TCWC Wellington BT}}<ref name="JTWC ATCR">{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|year=1995|accessdate=21 August 2011|author2=Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1994atcr.pdf|title=1994 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force}}</ref> Over the next few days, the system gradually intensified under the influence of favourable upper-level winds while it moved towards the south-southwest, passing through the Solomon Islands on 29 December and affecting the southeastern islands of [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref name="DTDSDEC93"/><ref name="Rewa TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Rewa|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/rewa.shtml|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|accessdate=15 August 2012|type=Individual Tropical Cyclone Reports}}</ref> As it moved through the Solomon Islands, Rewa moved out of the [[Tropical cyclone basins#South Pacific Ocean|South Pacific basin]] and into the [[Tropical cyclone basins#Australian region|Australian region]], where the [[Bureau of Meteorology]]'s [[Brisbane]] tropical cyclone warning centre <small>(TCWC Brisbane)</small> took the primary warning responsibility for the system.<ref name="Hanstrum"/><ref name="Diary"/> |
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On 30 December, the JTWC reported that Rewa had become equivalent to a category 1 hurricane on the [[Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale]] <small>(SSHS)</small>; early the next day TCWC Brisbane reported that the system had developed into a category 3 severe tropical cyclone, and an [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] became visible on satellite imagery.<ref name="Rewa FMS Report"/><ref name="JTWC BT"/><ref name="Wellington BT"/> The system then abruptly turned and started to move towards the south parallel to the Queensland coast because of an interaction with an upper-level trough of low pressure.<ref name="DTDSDEC93"/><ref name="Hanstrum"/> On 2 January both the JTWC and TCWC Brisbane reported that Rewa had reached its peak intensity, with the JTWC reporting that Rewa had peaked with [[maximum sustained wind|1-minute windspeeds]] of 230 km/h (145 mph), equivalent to a category 4 tropical cyclone on the SSHS.<ref name="JTWC BT"/><ref name="Hanstrum"/> Meanwhile TCWC Brisbane reported that the system had peaked with 10-minute windspeeds of 205 km/h (125 mph) with a central pressure of 920 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] (27.17 [[Inch of mercury|inHg]]), which made it a category 5 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian Scale.<ref name="Hanstrum"/> When the data was reanalyzed, TCWC Brisbane lowered their estimate of the wind speed to 175 km/h (110 mph), which made Rewa a category 4 severe tropical cyclone.<ref name="Wellington BT"/><ref name="Rewa BT">{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/tmp/aus199319932.html|title=Tropical Cyclone Rewa Australian region Best Track Analysis|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|year=2007|accessdate=21 August 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/616YW2noN|archivedate=21 August 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Rewa remained at its peak intensity for 12 hours before the system started to weaken during 3 January, as strengthening upper level north-westerlies increased vertical wind shear over the system.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Influence of Environmental Vertical Wind Shear on the Intensity of Hurricane-Strength Tropical Cyclones in the Australian Region|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/MWR3041.1|doi=10.1175/MWR3041.1|journal=Monthly Weather Review|author=Paterson, Linda A|year=2005|author2=Hanstrum, Barry N|author3=Davidson, Noel E|author4=Weber, Harry C|volume=133|issue=12|page=3644}}</ref><ref name="DTDSJAN94">{{cite journal|journal=Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement|year=1994|title=January 1994|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|volume=13|issue=1|page=2|issn=1321-4233|author=Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199401.pdf|accessdate=15 August 2012}}</ref> Throughout that day, the cyclone started to move towards the south-east, before it started to take a more eastwards track as it approached 160°E.<ref name="Rewa TCR"/> |
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As the Whig Party crumbled in the mid-1850s, Crittenden joined the [[Know Nothing Party|Know Nothing]] (or American) Party. After the expiration of his term as attorney general, he was again elected to the U.S. Senate, where he urged compromise on the issue of [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] to prevent the breakup of the United States. As bitter partisanship increased the threat of [[Secession in the United States|secession]], Crittenden sought out [[moderate]]s from all parties and formed the [[Constitutional Union Party (United States)|Constitutional Union Party]], though he refused the party's nomination for president in the [[United States presidential election, 1860|1860 election]]. In December 1860, he authored the [[Crittenden Compromise]], a series of resolutions and constitutional amendments he hoped would avert the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], but [[United States Congress|Congress]] would not approve them. Crittenden was elected to the House of Representatives in 1861 and continued to seek reconciliation between the states throughout his term. He declared his candidacy for re-election to the House in 1863, but died before the election took place. |
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During 4 January, Rewa moved back into the South Pacific basin and continued eastward as a weakening category 3 severe tropical cyclone, with TCWC Nadi estimating the 10-minute sustained windspeeds at 150 km/h (90 mph).<ref name="Wellington BT"/> During the next day, its eye became obscured after the mountains of New Caledonia affected Rewa's circulation by creating a hot and dry [[Foehn wind]].<ref name="Rewa FMS Report"/> TCWC Nadi reported that the system had weakened into a category 2 tropical cyclone, while the JTWC reported that Rewa had become a tropical storm.<ref name="JTWC BT"/><ref name="Rewa TCR"/> The system subsequently made landfall in the vicinity of [[Saint Vincent Bay]] on New Caledonia's south-western coast, before it emerged near [[Thio, New Caledonia|Thio]] from the east coast during 6 January.<ref name="Rewa FMS Report"/><ref name="Rewa TCR"/> By 7 January, Rewa's circulation had become exposed under the influence of upper level north-westerlies; as a result both the JTWC and TCWC Nadi reported that Rewa had weakened into a depression.<ref name="JTWC BT"/><ref name="Rewa TCR"/> Over the next 3 days, the residual low-level circulation was steered towards the northwest and Papua New Guinea in a southeasterly [[trade wind]] flow generated by a powerful area of high pressure located between New Zealand and [[Kermadec Islands]].<ref name="Rewa FMS Report"/><ref name="DTDSJAN94"/> During 10 January, Rewa's remnants moved out of the South Pacific basin and back into the Australian region while starting to re-intensify into a tropical cyclone, as a mid to upper level trough over eastern Australia increased in size.<ref name="Rewa TCR"/><ref name="DTDSJAN94"/> |
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==Early life== |
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John Jordan Crittenden was born September 10, 1787 near [[Versailles, Kentucky|Versailles]], [[Woodford County, Kentucky|Woodford County]], Kentucky.<ref name=howard64>Howard, p. 64</ref> He was the second child and first son of [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] veteran [[John Crittenden, Sr.|John Crittenden]] and his wife Judith Harris.<ref name=kirwan3>Kirwan, p. 3</ref> John and Judith Crittenden had four sons and five daughters, all but one of whom survived infancy.<ref name=kirwan3 /> On his father's side, he was of [[Wales|Welsh]] ancestry, while his mother's family was French [[Huguenot]].<ref name=coulter>Coulter, "John Jordan Crittenden"</ref> His father had surveyed land in Kentucky with [[George Rogers Clark]], and settled there just after the end of the American Revolution.<ref name=kirwan3 /> Two of Crittenden's brothers, Thomas and [[Robert Crittenden|Robert]], became lawyers, while the third, Henry, was a farmer.<ref name=allen100>Allen, p. 100</ref> |
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As moved into the Australian region, Rewa began to move in a long arc to the northwest and then to the north, and on 13 January, both the JTWC and TCWC [[Port Moresby]] reported that the system had reintensified into a tropical cyclone around Papua New Guinea's southern islands.<ref name="JTWC BT"/><ref name="Rewa TCR"/> Later that day, Rewa executed a sharp clockwise turn near [[Vanatinai|Tagula Island]] and started to move towards the southeast and TCWC Brisbane's area of responsibility while gradually intensifying further.<ref name="Rewa TCR"/> During 15 January, TCWC Brisbane reported that the system had reintensified into a category 3 severe tropical cyclone while the JTWC reported that Rewa had become equivalent to a category 1 tropical cyclone again.<ref name="JTWC BT"/><ref name="Wellington BT"/> Later that day, the system started to rapidly intensify as an upper level trough approached the system. During the next day the JTWC reported that the system had peaked with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 230 km/h (145 mph).<ref name="JTWC BT"/><ref name="Rewa TCR"/> TCWC Brisbane then reported later that day, that Rewa had peaked with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 205 km/h (125 mph), which made it a category 5 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.<ref name="Rewa BT"/> After it had peaked in intensity the system recurved towards the south-southwest, and started to gradually weaken.<ref name="JTWC BT"/> By 18 January the JTWC reported that Rewa had weakened into a tropical storm while throughout that day TCWC Brisbane assessed Rewa as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone.<ref name="JTWC BT"/><ref name="Rewa TCR"/> During the next day, TCWC Brisbane reported that Rewa had weakened into a category 2 tropical cyclone as it recurved and started to move towards the south-east about 265 km (165 mi) to the east of [[Mackay, Queensland]].<ref name="Rewa TCR"/><ref name="Wellington BT"/> Over the next couple of days the system moved towards the south-southeast along the Queensland coast while maintaining its intensity.<ref name="Wellington BT"/> During 21 January, TCWC Brisbane and the JTWC reported that Rewa had weakened below cyclone strength, as the system moved back into the South Pacific basin for the third and final time.<ref name="Hanstrum"/><ref name="JTWC ATCR"/> Rewa's remnants were last noted late on 23 January, by [[Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited|TCWC Wellington]], bringing heavy rain to New Zealand, while dissipating over water about {{Convert|400|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the east of [[Wellington, New Zealand]].<ref name="Hanstrum"/><ref name="Wellington BT"/><ref name="DTDSJAN94"/> |
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Crittenden began a college preparatory curriculum at Pisgah Academy in Woodford County.<ref name=taylor>Taylor, ''A Leaf Upon a Torrent''</ref> He was then sent to a [[boarding school]] in [[Jessamine County, Kentucky|Jessamine County]].<ref name=taylor /> Among his classmates were [[Thomas Alexander Marshall]] and [[Francis Preston Blair|Francis P. Blair]].<ref name=coulter /> Crittenden became especially close friends with Blair, and later political differences did little to diminish their friendship.<ref name=kirwan9>Kirwan, p. 9</ref> After a year at boarding school, Crittenden moved to the [[Lexington, Kentucky]] home of Judge [[George M. Bibb]] to study law.<ref name=taylor /> He began his tertiary studies at Washington College (now [[Washington and Lee University]]) in [[Lexington, Virginia]].<ref name=kirwan10>Kirwan, p. 10</ref> During his brief tenure there, he studied mathematics and [[belles-lettres]] and became friends with [[Hugh Lawson White]].<ref name=kirwan10 /> Crittenden was dissatisfied with the curriculum at Washington College and matriculated to the [[The College of William & Mary|College of William and Mary]].<ref name=kirwan10 /> He studied under [[St. George Tucker]] and became acquainted with [[John Tyler]].<ref name=taylor /><ref name=kirwan12>Kirwan, p. 12</ref> Crittenden completed his studies in 1806, and was admitted to the [[bar (law)|bar]] the following year.<ref name=kirwan10 /><ref name=bioguide>"Crittenden, John Jordan". ''Biographical Directory of the United States Congress''</ref> He began his practice in Woodford County, but as central Kentucky was well already supplied with able lawyers, he moved to [[Logan County, Kentucky]] on the then western frontier and opened his practice in [[Russellville, Kentucky|Russellville]].<ref name=taylor /> At age twenty-two, he was appointed by Governor [[Ninian Edwards]] of [[Illinois Territory]] as its [[attorney general]].<ref name=howard64 /> The following year, Edwards also made Crittenden his [[aide-de-camp]].<ref name=ragan4>Ragan, p. 4</ref>{{Ref|timeline|[a]}} |
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==Preparations and impact== |
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On May 27, 1811, Crittenden married Sarah O. Lee at her home in Versailles.<ref name=kirwan16>Kirwan, p. 16</ref> Lee was a cousin of future [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Zachary Taylor]].<ref name=kirwan203>Kirwan, p. 203</ref> They had seven children before Sarah's death in mid-September 1824.<ref name=kirwan45>Kirwan, p. 45</ref> Among their children were [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Major general (United States)|major general]] [[George B. Crittenden|George Crittenden]] and [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] [[General officer|general]] [[Thomas Leonidas Crittenden]]. Their daughter Sallie Lee "Maria" Crittenden was the mother of [[John C. Watson]], a [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear Admiral]] in the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] during the late 19th century.<ref name=hatter55>Hatter, p. 55</ref> |
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Twenty-two people lost their lives in accidents caused by Cyclone Rewa, while it affected parts off the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and New Zealand.<ref name="AAP1">{{cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZoIuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TKEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4299,2800343&dq=cyclone+rewa&hl=en|title=Cyclone ravages Australia|date=20 January 1994|agency=Australian Associated Press|accessdate=11 September 2011|newspaper=Reading Eagle}}</ref> Due to the impact of this storm, the name Rewa was [[List of retired South Pacific tropical cyclone names#Tropical cyclone names retired in the 1990s|retired]].<ref name="SPAC TCOP">{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean|author=RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP-24_RAVOpPlan_2010.pdf|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|format=PDF|date=23 May 2011|accessdate=23 May 2011}}</ref> |
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===The Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and New Zealand=== |
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==Early political career== |
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The Solomon Islands were affected by the developing tropical cyclone between 28 – 30 December and was the first [[Island country]] to be impacted by Rewa.<ref name="Sol">{{cite web|url=http://www.met.gov.sb/tcnames.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclones/Depressions that passed through Solomon Islands Region|publisher=Solomon Islands Meteorological Service|date=13 September 2009|accessdate=21 September 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6EzOpZVVt|archivedate=March 9, 2013}}</ref> As it developed into a tropical cyclone on 28 December, the system passed to the north of the outer lying [[atoll]]s of [[Malaita Province]] in the Solomon Islands. Rewa then passed over the southern tip of [[Malaita|Malaita Island]], before passing to the south of [[Guadalcanal|Guadalcanal Island]] and the north of [[Rennell Island]] during 29 December.<ref name="JTWC BT"/><ref name="Rewa TCR"/> |
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Crittenden's career as an elected official began in the [[Kentucky House of Representatives]], where he represented Logan County from 1811 to 1817.<ref name=bioguide /> After the 1811 legislative session, he volunteered as an aide to General [[Samuel Hopkins (congressman)|Samuel Hopkins]] in an expedition against the [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]].<ref name=colemanv115>Coleman, vol. I, p. 15</ref> On the outbreak of the [[War of 1812]], Kentucky governor [[Charles Scott (governor)|Charles Scott]] appointed him as an aide-de-camp for the First Kentucky Militia.<ref name=howard64 /> In 1813, he became an aide-de-camp to Governor [[Isaac Shelby]], serving at the [[Battle of the Thames]] in [[Canada]].<ref name=nga>"Kentucky Governor John Jordan Crittenden". National Governors Association</ref><ref name=hatter33>Hatter, p. 53</ref> Following the war, the governor issued him a special commendation for faithfulness in carrying out his orders.<ref name=howard64 /> He then resumed his law practice in Russellville.<ref name=bioguide /> |
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Cyclone Rewa started to affect New Caledonia on 5 January, before it passed over [[New Caledonia|Grand Terre]] Island later that day.<ref name="MFNC"/> Rewa dumped over 300 mm (12 in) of rain on parts of the archipelago, which made all of the major rivers overflow and burst their banks.<ref name="MFNC">{{cite web|url=http://www.meteo.nc/cyclone/cyclones-passes?view=cyclones|author=New Caledonia Meteorological Office|title=Cyclone Passes Entre 1950 et 1995: Rewa|publisher=Météo-France|accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="Earthweek">{{cite news|author=Newmann, Steve|newspaper=The Sunday Gazette|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WNtQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=n-kMAAAAIBAJ&dq=cyclone%20rewa&pg=5914%2C1965524|title=Earthweek: a diary of the planet for the week ending 7 January 1994|date=9 January 1994|accessdate=26 September 2011}}</ref> Several landslides and a death were recorded within New Caledonia, while on the [[Loyalty Islands|Loyalty Island]] of Mare, waves from Rewa partially destroyed the harbour wall at Tadine's port.<ref name="MFNC"/> |
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In 1814, Governor Shelby appointed Crittenden to fill the U.S. Senate seat vacated by his former teacher, George M. Bibb; later, however, Shelby learned that Crittenden was only twenty-seven years old, three years shy of the [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 3: Qualifications of Senators|constitutional age requirement for senators]].<ref name=kirwan30>Kirwan, p. 30</ref> Hence he returned to his seat in the Kentucky House, where was elected [[Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives|speaker]] over [[John Rowan (Kentucky)|John Rowan]].<ref name=kirwan31>Kirwan, p. 31</ref> He would retain the position from 1815 to 1817.<ref name=kye /> |
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The system had no effect on Vanuatu while it passed through the Solomon Islands between 28 – 30 December; however the southern islands of Vanuatu were affected by the cyclone after it had passed through New Caledonia during 5 January.{{Vanuatu Tropical Cyclones}} As it moved towards the north-west between 6–8 January, Rewa brought strong winds that were near [[gale force]] to parts of the [[Tafea Province]].<ref name="Vanuatu"/> Rewa also brought strong north-westerly winds and high seas to Efate Island between 8–9 January as it passed about 175 km (110 mi) to the southeast of Port Vila causing damage to the [[intertidal zone]] of the city's harbour.<ref name="Vanuatu"/> |
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As speaker, Crittenden presided over a particularly tumultuous time in the legislature. In October 1816, recently elected governor [[George Madison]] died. He was succeeded by [[Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Gabriel Slaughter]]. Slaughter immediately made two extremely unpopular appointments, and quickly fell out of favor with many Kentuckians. A group of legislators, led by John C. Breckinridge, pointed out that the [[Kentucky Constitution]] provided only that the lieutenant governor would serve as governor until a new gubernatorial election was held and a qualified successor was chosen. Slaughter, they claimed, was only the "acting governor." The group presented a bill to the House that called for new elections. The bill was defeated, but Crittenden supported it.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 31–32</ref> |
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Between 19–24 January, Rewa's remnants, a slow moving [[weather front]] over [[Fiordland]] and a [[southerly]] brought widespread rainfall and flooding to New Zealand's South Island.<ref name="Niwa">{{cite web|title=January 1994 South Island Ex-tropical Cyclone Rewa|url=http://hwe.niwa.co.nz/event/January_1994_South_Island_Ex-tropical_Cyclone_Rewa|work=New Zealand Historic Weather Events Catalog|publisher=National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research|accessdate=10 March 2013|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6F0CTsm83|archivedate=10 March 2013|date=10 March 2013}}</ref> In [[Westland District|Westland]], Fiordland and the [[Southern Lakes (New Zealand)|Southern Lakes]], landslides and flooding occurred on 21 January, while several roads and bridges were damaged.<ref name="Niwa"/> |
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Crittenden's support of a new election was both popular and politically expedient. When the U.S. Senate term of [[Martin D. Hardin]], one of Slaughter's unpopular nominees, expired in 1817, the [[Kentucky General Assembly]] chose Crittenden to fill the vacancy.<ref name=kirwan33>Kirwan, p. 33</ref> Though he was the youngest member of the body, he served as the second-ever chairman of the newly created [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Committee on the Judiciary]].<ref name=taylor /><ref name=howard65>Howard, p. 65</ref> He was also a member of the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Committee on Naval Affairs]].<ref name="kirwan33" /> During his term, he introduced legislation to [[Reimbursement|reimburse]] and [[Indemnity|indemnify]] persons who were fined under the 1798 [[Alien and Sedition Acts|Sedition Act]].<ref name=howard65 /> He found state politics more interesting, however, and this fact, coupled with increased financial responsibilities incurred by the birth of his third and fourth children, prompted his decision to resign his seat on March 3, 1819.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 35–36</ref><ref name=ale>"John Jordan Crittenden" in ''American Law Encyclopedia''</ref> |
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===Papua New Guinea=== |
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Cyclone Rewa affected Papua New Guinea on two separate occasions while it was active, with the cyclone first affecting the archipelago between 28 December and 1 January, before grazing the archipelago between 12-14 January.<ref name="Rewa TCR"/><ref name="SPAC">{{cite book|author=Terry, James P|publisher=Springer|date=29 October 2007|isbn=978-0-387-71542-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CUh3FXQFiDMC&pg=PA47&dq=%22Cyclone+Rewa%22#v=onepage&q=%22Cyclone%20Rewa%22&f=false|title=Tropical cyclones: climatology and impacts in the South Pacific|page=47}}</ref> Before Rewa affected the country, cyclone [[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches|alerts and warnings]] were issued for [[Vanatinai|Sudest]], Rossel and Samarai islands, while authorities urged people not to go to beaches.<ref name="AAP1"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Nine Missing In Cyclone|date=31 December 1993|agency=The Associated Press}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref><ref name="PNG Floods">{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article127257496|title=PNG floods: death toll eases but thousands more homeless.|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=31 December 1993|accessdate=26 February 2014|page=6|publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> As it affected the archipelago, Rewa brought heavy rainfall, high seas, and wind gusts of up to 100 km/h (60 mph) to parts of the archipelago including Sudest, Rossel and Samarai islands.<ref name="AAP1"/><ref name="9miss"/> The hardest hit areas were communities near major river systems, with the cyclone blocking roads, destroying a church, bridges, homes and gardens with vital crops such as coffee and [[copra]] destroyed.<ref name="PNG Floods"/><ref name="floods"/> In total, Cyclone Rewa left around 3500 people homeless and caused 17 deaths, 8 of which were due to flooding.<ref name="PNG Floods"/><ref name="floods">{{cite news|title=Floods Kill at Least 8, More than 1,000 Homeless|date=30 December 1993|agency=The Australian Associated Press}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Nine other people went missing while travelling to Rossel Island after their boat was caught up in high seas associated with Rewa.<ref name="9miss"/><ref name="13 dead">{{cite news|title=13 Dead in cyclone|page=17|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TJcVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1964%2C2992368|accessdate=16 November 2014|newspaper=Manila Standard|agency=Associated Press|date=21 January 1994}}</ref> They were later presumed dead by the National Disaster and Emergency Service, after a local search and rescue mission found wreckage of the boat.<ref name="AAP1"/><ref name="13 dead"/><ref name="9miss">{{cite news|title=Nine missing after cyclone hits png|date=19 January 1994|agency=Xinhua News Agency}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> At 00:00 UTC on 30 December, the automatic weather station at [[Rossel Island|Jingo]] on Rossel island recorded a maximum sustained wind of 55 km/h (35 mph).<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Weekly Summary #126 (26 December 1993 – 2 January 1994)|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/sci.geo.meteorology/Vq8-iSenz4Q|date=7 January 1994|accessdate=20 September 2011|author=Beven II, John L|publisher=Florida State University}}</ref> |
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After leaving Congress, Crittenden moved to [[Frankfort, Kentucky|Frankfort]], the state capital, to attract more legal clients and be nearer the center of the state's political activity.<ref name=howard65 /> Among his clients after moving to Frankfort were former [[President of the United States|Presidents]] [[James Madison|Madison]] and [[James Monroe|Monroe]], future Vice-President [[Richard Mentor Johnson]], and future governors [[James Turner Morehead (Kentucky)|James T. Morehead]], [[John Breathitt]], and [[Robert P. Letcher]].<ref name=kirwan38>Kirwan, p. 38</ref> During this period, he collaborated with [[Henry Clay]] in defending Charles Wickliffe, son of [[Robert C. Wickliffe]].<ref name=kirwan38 /> Wickliffe was charged with the murder of the editor of the ''[[Kentucky Gazette]]''.<ref name=kirwan38 /> Crittenden argued that the slaying was [[right of self-defense|self-defense]], and Clay delivered a passionate closing argument.<ref name=kirwan38 /> The jury returned a verdict of "not guilty" only minutes after the case was submitted to them.<ref name=kirwan38 /> |
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===Australia=== |
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In January 1820, Crittenden and John Rowan were chosen to help resolve [[Kennessee|Kentucky's boundary dispute with Tennessee]]. The boundary was supposed to run along the line at 36 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude, but when Dr. [[Thomas Walker (explorer)|Thomas Walker]] surveyed it, he erroneously marked the line farther south. Crittenden and Rowan proposed either that the "Walker Line" remain the boundary from the [[Cumberland Mountains]] to the [[Tennessee River]] and Tennessee would compensate for the error west of the Tennessee River, or that the boundary be reset at 36 degrees, 30 minutes throughout. Tennessee's commissioners rejected both proposals, asking instead that the Walker Line be accepted east of the Tennessee River and a more southerly line west of it, with reciprocal agreements between the states to honor existing land grants. Crittenden was inclined to accept the offer, but Rowan was not. The Kentucky commissioners proposed that the matter be submitted to [[arbitration]], but Tennessee refused. In a report to the General Assembly, Crittenden recommended that Kentucky accept the Tennessee proposal. The legislators were swayed by Crittenden's report, and the articles of agreement were signed on February 2, 1820.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 40–41</ref> |
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During the opening days of 1994, Rewa moved southwards parallel to the Queensland coast; however, because it was located about 600 km (370 mi) to the north-east of Mackay, it was too far away from the coast for there to be any direct impact on Queensland.<ref name="Wellington BT"/><ref name="No relief">{{cite news|publisher=Nationwide News Pty Limited|title=No relief near for heat-weary state|author=Smith, A|date=5 January 1994|agency=Courier-Mail}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> The only indirect impact was higher surf, from which several people had to be rescued from before the cyclone started to move towards New Caledonia during 4 January.<ref name="Earthweek"/><ref name="No relief"/> As Rewa affected Queensland for the second time, watches and warnings were issued for various parts of Queensland by TCWC Brisbane, who predicted a landfall near Mackay.<ref name="Diary">{{cite book|chapter=Rewa: Diary of a tropical cyclone|isbn=0-642-22435-8|author1=Dolan, Chris|author2=May, Peter|title=Hazard-Wise|publisher=Emergency Management Australia|year=1995|page=59|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vHkt7iGw4BUC}}</ref><ref name="Alert">{{cite news|newspaper=The Adelaide Advertiser|title=Queensland on Cyclone Rewa alert|date=19 January 1994|publisher=Nationwide News Pty Limited}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> On 18 January local disaster committees met to consider evacuating people, while people who were on vacation in national parks were alerted about Rewa by a helicopter.<ref name="Alert"/> A military training exercise that was due to take place in [[Shoalwater Bay]] had to be cancelled, with army personal evacuated to [[Rockhampton]] to avoid being cut off by flood waters.<ref name="Alert"/> Along the coast, several ports including [[Gladstone, Queensland|Gladstone]] were shut with large vessels told to head to sea and small vessels told to batten down and prepare for the storm.<ref name="Alert"/> |
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On 19 January Rewa started to affect Queensland with torrential rain and storm force windspeeds which caused some damage along the coast.<ref name="Rewa TCR"/> However it did not make its predicted landfall near Mackay, instead it recurved to the south-southeast and came to within 100 km (60 mi) of the coast.<ref name="Rewa TCR"/><ref name="easing"/> Two men off [[Yeppoon]]'s coast were rescued from a fishing trawler by an army [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|Black Hawk]] helicopter after high seas damaged the trawler's propeller and snapped its heavy anchor chain, leaving it drifting helplessly in the cyclone's path.<ref name="easing">{{Cite news|title=QLD battered as cyclone eases|date=20 January 1994|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|author=Tom, Emma|page=4}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref><ref name="impacts">{{cite journal|title=Tropical Cyclone Impacts along the Australian east coast from November to April 1858 to 2000|publisher=Australian Severe Weather|author=Callaghan, Jeff|url=http://australiasevereweather.com.au/cyclones/impacts-eastcoast.pdf|accessdate=20 November 2013|date=12 August 2004|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BobA1B55|archivedate=31 October 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> The worst affected island was [[Lady Elliot Island|Lady Elliot]] as it bore the brunt of the wind, while on [[Heron Island (Queensland)|Heron Island]], several rare trees and bird rookeries were either destroyed or severely damaged. As Rewa interacted with an upper trough of low pressure on 19 January, heavy rainfall and thunderstorms were observed in parts of Brisbane and the Gold Coast.<ref name="Brisbane flooding">{{cite web|author=Queensland Hydrology Section|title=Queensland Flood Summary 1990 – 1999|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/qld/flood/fld_history/floodsum_1990.shtml|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LHXL94UH|archivedate=20 November 2013|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|year=2010|accessdate=20 November 2013}}</ref> Brisbane received over 144 mm (5.7 in) in just six hours, which led to some localised flash flooding in parts of the city and four deaths.<ref name="impacts"/><ref name="Brisbane flooding"/> Three of the deaths were from people crashing their cars, while the other death occurred when a person went surfing Brisbane's flood water and got trapped in a storm drain.<ref name="impacts"/><ref>{{cite news|title=New threat as cyclone whirls out to sea | url = http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&sy=nstore&kw=Cyclone+Rewa&pb=all_ffx&dt=selectRange&dr=entire&so=relevance&sf=text&sf=headline&rc=10&rm=200&sp=nrm&clsPage=1&docID=news940121_0166_7969 | accessdate = 31 July 2013|newspaper=The Age|date= 1994-01-21 | author = Tom, Emma | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6IX4dOfWS | archivedate = 31 July 2013 | page = 6 | deadurl = no}}</ref> Within Brisbane, 100 homes and 20 cars were damaged by the flood waters, while a [[Sheffield Shield]] [[cricket]] match between Western Australia and Queensland was delayed, after [[The Gabba]] resembled a small lake.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Australian Government | deadurl = no | author = Attorney-General's Department | accessdate = 20 November 2013 | date = 2011-05-05 | title = Disasters Database: Disaster Event Details: Cyclone Rewa|url=http://www.disasters.ema.gov.au/Browse%20Details/DisasterEventDetails.aspx?DisasterEventID=549|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BobJBfsE|archivedate=31 October 2012}}</ref> |
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Crittenden was elected to the board of trustees for [[Transylvania University]] in 1823, possibly due to lobbying by Henry Clay.<ref name=kirwan41>Kirwan, p. 41</ref> A year later, the faculty of the university awarded him an [[Honorary degree|honorary]] [[doctor of law]]s.<ref name=kirwan42>Kirwan, p. 42</ref> Crittenden also served as a trustee and attorney for the Kentucky Seminary in Frankfort.<ref name=kirwan42 /> Crittenden used his influence in support of Clay in the [[United States presidential election, 1824|1824 presidential election]] until Clay was eliminated from contention.<ref name=ragan8 /> He then threw his support to [[Andrew Jackson]] until he learned that [[John Quincy Adams]], if elected, would likely make Clay [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]].<ref name=ragan8 /> Critics termed Adams' alleged promise to Clay the "[[Corrupt_Bargain#Election_of_1824|corrupt bargain]]", but it resulted in Adams' election.<ref name=ragan8 /> Upon his appointment as Secretary of State, Clay was prepared to recommend Crittenden to replace him as chief counsel in Kentucky for the [[Second Bank of the United States]], but the bank chose not to hire a replacement.<ref name=kirwan38 /> |
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==See also== |
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===Old Court – New Court controversy=== |
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{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}} |
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{{Main|Old Court – New Court controversy}} |
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*[[Cyclone Katrina–Victor–Cindy]] 1997–98 – another erratic tropical cyclone that took a similar path |
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Crittenden was drawn back into public service by the [[Old Court – New Court controversy]]. When legislation aimed at providing relief to the state's debtors was struck down by the [[Kentucky Court of Appeals]], supporters of the legislation in the General Assembly passed a bill abolishing the Court and creating a new court, which they stocked with sympathetic justices. Opponents of the legislation held that the Assembly's action was unconstitutional, and for a time, both courts claimed authority as the [[Supreme court|court of last resort]] in the state. Though he had served as president of the New Court-backed Bank of the Commonwealth since its formation in 1820, Crittenden publicly identified himself with the Old Court supporters in April 1825. In the legislative election of 1825, friends called on Crittenden to seek election to the state House of Representatives. Many believed that he was the only Old Court supporter that commanded enough respect to win one of the two seats allotted to [[Franklin County, Kentucky|Franklin County]], a bastion of the New Court. When Crittenden consented to run, New Court supporters nominated the state's [[Attorney General of Kentucky|Attorney General]] [[Solomon P. Sharp]] and Lewis Sanders, a prominent lawyer. Crittenden and Sharp were elected to the two seats.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 52–58</ref> |
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*[[Hurricane John (1994)|Hurricane John]] 1994 – the longest-tracked tropical cyclone on record |
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{{Clear}} |
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== 参考资料 == |
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In the early hours of the morning of November 7, 1825, the very morning the legislature was to convene, [[Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy|Sharp was assassinated]]. Charges were made that Old Court supporters had instigated the murder. Crittenden tried to blunt these charges by introducing a resolution condemning Sharp's murder and offering $3,000 for the murderer's capture. When assassin [[Jereboam O. Beauchamp]] was apprehended, it became clear that the motivation for the killing was personal, not political. (Beauchamp's wife had married him on the condition that he kill Sharp, who had refused to claim the child he had fathered with her previously.) Despite this, Crittenden refused a request to represent Beauchamp in his murder trial because he wanted to avoid any implication in the matter.<ref>Kirwan, p. 60</ref> |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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== 外部链接 == |
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The court controversy dominated the legislative session. Crittenden joined the Old Court majority in the House in passing a measure to abolish the New Court. The bill was killed in the Senate, however, by the tie-breaking vote of Lieutenant Governor [[Robert B. McAfee]]. Crittenden later served on a committee of six to resolve the conflict, but to no avail. He was unwilling to accept a solution whereby all the justices resigned from both courts, and the governor would appoint a reorganized court made up equally of Old Court and New Court supporters. This position cost him the support of some New Court partisans that had voted for him in the previous election, and he was not returned to the House in 1826. Ultimately, Old Court partisans gained control of both houses of the legislature, and the New Court was abolished permanently in December 1826.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 61–62</ref> |
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{{SPAC EL's}} |
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{{退役南太平洋气旋名称}} |
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On November 15, 1826, Crittenden married Maria Knox Todd, a widow who was the daughter of Judge [[Harry Innes]].<ref name=colemanv121>Coleman, vol. I, p. 21</ref> Crittenden took Todd's three children as his own, and the couple had two more children: John and Eugene.<ref name=colemanv121 /> Todd's daughter Catherine married her [[stepfamily|stepbrother]], Crittenden's son Thomas; their son, [[John Jordan Crittenden III]], was killed at the [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]].<ref>Kirwan, pp. 64–65</ref> Maria Knox Todd Crittenden died on September 8, 1851 of an unknown illness.<ref name=kirwan269>Kirwan, p. 269</ref> |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rewa (1993)}} |
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==Association with the National Republicans== |
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[[Category:1993–94 Australian region cyclone season]] |
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[[File:Crittenden Nomination.JPG|thumb|alt= |Crittenden's Supreme Court nomination]] |
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[[Category:1993–94 South Pacific cyclone season]] |
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As a result of the Old Court – New Court controversy, Kentucky's politicians became divided between the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] and the [[National Republican Party (United States)|National Republicans]].<ref name=ragan7>Ragan, p. 7</ref> Crittenden's alliance with Henry Clay and his own personal political views put him squarely in the National Republican Party.<ref name=ragan8>Ragan, p. 8</ref> Because of Crittenden's support of his presidential bid, President Adams appointed him [[List of former United States district courts#Kentucky|United States district attorney for the district of Kentucky]] in 1827.<ref name=bioguide /> In 1828, Adams nominated him to replace Kentuckian [[Robert Trimble]] as an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|associate justice of the Supreme Court]], but Jackson supporters in the Senate refused to confirm him.<ref name=taylor /><ref name=ragan8 /> When Jackson defeated Adams in the [[United States presidential election, 1828|1828 presidential election]], he removed Crittenden from his post as district attorney because of his association with Clay and his opposition to Jackson's financial policies.<ref name=ale /> |
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[[Category:Category 3 South Pacific cyclones]] |
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[[Category:Category 5 Australian region cyclones]] |
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Crittenden supporters sought to make him the National Republican nominee for governor in the election of 1828. Though his nomination was all but certain, Crittenden declined the opportunity, fearing that his association with Clay, who was losing popularity in the state, would cost his party the election. Instead, he threw his support behind [[Thomas Metcalfe (US politician)|Thomas Metcalfe]], who went on to carry a very close election over Democrat [[William T. Barry]]. Crittenden instead sought another term in the Kentucky House, but was again denied the seat.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 79–81</ref> |
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[[Category:Cyclones in Australia]] |
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[[Category:Retired South Pacific cyclones]] |
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In 1829, Crittenden was elected to the Kentucky House via a special election.<ref name=howard65 /> He served as Speaker of the House for his entire term.<ref name=levin>Levin, p. 114</ref> In 1830, he was the Whig nominee to replace John Rowan in the Senate.<ref name=kirwan89>Kirwan, p. 89</ref> Secretly, the party wished to nominate Henry Clay, giving him a springboard from which to launch another presidential campaign, but it was unknown whether he would be able to secure enough votes for confirmation; it was decided that Crittenden would be the nominee, and if the voting favored the Whigs by a large enough margin, Crittenden would withdraw and allow them to confirm Clay instead.<ref name=kirwan68>Kirwan, p. 68</ref> The Democrats countered successively with [[Richard Mentor Johnson]], John Rowan, [[Charles A. Wickliffe]], and [[John Breathitt]].<ref name=kirwan89 /> None of them polled more than sixty-four of the sixty-nine votes needed for confirmation.<ref name=kirwan89/> Crittenden garnered sixty-eight votes on fourteen different ballots, but he refused to vote for himself because he wanted Clay to be the nominee.<ref name=kirwan89 /> Some of Crittenden's supporters, however, refused to vote for Clay, and the seat was left vacant.<ref name=kirwan90>Kirwan, p. 90</ref> |
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[[Category:Tropical cyclones in New Caledonia]] |
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[[Category:Tropical cyclones in New Zealand]] |
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The following year, a clear majority of the House of Representatives were pledged to Crittenden for the open Senate seat. However, Clay allies pressured Crittenden to step aside and allow Clay to be the Whig nominee.<ref name=kirwan90 /> Crittenden obliged, and Clay was elected by a margin of nine votes over Richard M. Johnson.<ref name=kirwan91>Kirwan, p. 91</ref> Crittenden went on to manage both the unsuccessful gubernatorial campaign of [[Richard Aylett Buckner]] and the campaign to help Clay win Kentucky in the [[United States presidential election, 1832|1832 presidential election]].<ref name=levin /><ref name="Kirwan, pp. 93–94">Kirwan, pp. 93–94</ref> After Clay's defeat in 1832, he offered to resign his Senate seat and allow Crittenden to succeed him, but Crittenden refused the offer.<ref name=ragan9>Ragan, p. 9</ref> Later that year, Crittenden retired from the General Assembly.<ref name=levin /><ref name="Kirwan, pp. 93–94"/> |
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[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Papua New Guinea]] |
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[[Category:Tropical cyclones in the Solomon Islands]] |
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==Association with the Whigs== |
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[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]] |
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Crittenden was active in organizing the Whig Party from the remnants of the defunct National Republican Party in 1834.<ref name=kirwan96>Kirwan, p. 96</ref> On July 4, 1834, he called to order the party's first organizational meeting in the state at [[Cove Spring, Kentucky]].<ref name=kirwan96 /> He was chosen as chair of the committee on resolutions and in a speech on July 5, bitterly condemned President Jackson.<ref name=kirwan97>Kirwan, p. 97</ref> Later in 1834, Kentucky governor [[James Turner Morehead (Kentucky)|James T. Morehead]] appointed Crittenden [[Secretary of State of Kentucky|Secretary of State]].<ref name=howard65 /> In the August elections, Whigs won a majority in both houses of the General Assembly.<ref name=kirwan97 /> When the Assembly convened, they elected Crittenden to the U.S. Senate over Democrat [[James Guthrie (American politician)|James Guthrie]] by a vote of 94–40.<ref name=kirwan98>Kirwan, p. 98</ref> |
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Immediately upon taking his seat in the Senate, Crittenden was named to the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|Committee on Public Lands]] and the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Committee on the Judiciary]], probably due to Clay's influence.<ref name=kirwan100>Kirwan, p. 100</ref> Early in his term, Crittenden vociferously opposed Senator [[Thomas Hart Benton (senator)|Thomas H. Benton]]'s proposal to spend the federal budget surplus on public land graduation and military fortifications along the eastern seaboard.<ref name=ragan10 /> He also blasted the Jackson administration for issuing the [[Specie Circular]], requiring that all payment for government land be made in gold or silver.<ref name=kirwan112>Kirwan, p. 112</ref> He pointed out that the principles of the circular had been presented in a resolution on the Senate floor, but had been [[Table (parliamentary procedure)|tabled]] by a large majority.<ref name=kirwan113>Kirwan, p. 113</ref> Crittenden maintained that the tabling of the resolution was a condemnation by the Senate, yet the administration issued the circular only months later, overstepping, as Crittenden saw it, the bounds of the executive branch's authority.<ref name=kirwan114>Kirwan, p. 114</ref> Crittenden debated the issue at length with Senator Benton, and Congress ultimately passed a bill requiring the government to accept the notes of specie-paying banks for the purchase of government lands, but President Jackson employed his [[pocket veto]] to prevent it from becoming law.<ref name=kirwan115>Kirwan, p. 115</ref> |
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During his term, Crittenden remained an outspoken critic of Jackson and his successor, [[Martin Van Buren]].<ref name=howard65 /> He supported Henry Clay's plan for distributing proceeds from the sale of public lands among the states, and also joined Clay in opposing the administration-backed [[Seminole Wars|Second Seminole War]].<ref name=ragan10>Ragan, p. 10</ref><ref name=kirwan103>Kirwan, p. 103</ref> One of the few administration proposals he supported was the recognition of the new [[Republic of Texas]].<ref name=ragan10 /> During this period of Crittenden's service in the Senate, the issue of [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] rose to prominence. Crittenden was regarded as a moderate on the issue, seeking to keep it out of politics altogether. In 1836, he resisted petitions by the [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]] to abolish slavery in [[Washington, D. C.]], but he also opposed radical pro-slavery measures such as [[John C. Calhoun]]'s proposal to ban abolitionist literature from being delivered by mail in the [[Southern United States|Southern states]].<ref name=ragan10 /> |
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In contrast to his usually conciliatory nature, Crittenden was drawn into a disagreement between congressmen [[Jonathan Cilley]] and [[William J. Graves]] that ended in a [[duel]]. On the floor of the House, Cilley had attacked the integrity of Whig newspaper editor [[James Watson Webb]]. Webb demanded a retraction of Cilley's comments through his friend, Congressman Graves. When Cilley refused to receive the communication from Graves, Graves charged that Cilley was questioning Webb's honor and challenged him to a duel. Graves, accompanied by Kentucky Congressman [[Richard Menefee]] and Virginia Congressman [[Richard Wise]] asked Crittenden to serve as a second for Graves in the duel; Crittenden initially protested, but finally agreed. After two misses by both combatants, Cilley was killed on the third exchange. The House proposed the expulsion of Graves and the [[censure]] of the other participants (excluding Crittenden, who was a senator and not subject to House censure). The resolutions of expulsion and censure were eventually tabled, but Crittenden personally felt the sting of what he considered an indirect censure and later regretted his actions.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 118–121</ref> |
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===Harrison and Tyler administrations=== |
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In the [[United States presidential election, 1840|1840 presidential election]], Crittenden again encouraged Kentucky Whigs to support the nomination of Henry Clay.<ref name=ragan11>Ragan, p. 11</ref> After Clay lost the nomination, Crittenden supported eventual victor [[William Henry Harrison]].<ref name=ale /> Crittenden was re-elected to the Senate in 1840 even though he was widely expected to be named to a position in Harrison's presidential cabinet.<ref name=ragan12>Ragan, p. 12</ref> He was apparently given his choice of cabinet positions, and chose that of [[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]].<ref name="ragan12" /> He resigned his Senate seat to take this post.<ref name=ale /> |
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As attorney general, Crittenden issued only one notable opinion. The plaintiff in the case was an individual whose property had been damaged during Andrew Jackson's invasion of what would become the [[Florida Territory]] in 1818. The case was still being adjudicated in 1841. A [[Florida]] court found in favor of the plaintiff and ordered the federal government to compensate him for the damages and to pay him interest on his claim from the time the damages were incurred. [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Treasury Secretary]] [[Thomas Ewing]] asked Crittenden whether the court had the authority to award interest and whether or not it should be paid. Crittenden opined that it did not, and Ewing did not pay the interest. Crittenden's opinion was used as a [[precedent]] in similar cases by future attorneys general.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 143–144</ref> |
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Only a week after being appointed by Harrison, Crittenden was dispatched to [[New York]] to mediate tensions with [[Great Britain]] over the [[Caroline affair|sinking of the steamboat ''Caroline'']] by a group of [[Canada|Canadian]] rebels.<ref name=coulter /> In this diplomatic endeavor, Crittenden was acting separately from his official duties as attorney general.<ref name=kirwan144>Kirwan, p. 144</ref> He spoke with [[Governor of New York|New York Governor]] [[William H. Seward]] and secured his promise to pardon [[Alexander McLeod]], who had seized and burned the ''Caroline'', if he were convicted of a crime in New York.<ref name=coulter /> Ultimately, McLeod was acquitted.<ref name=kirwan146>Kirwan, p. 146</ref> |
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Shortly after the ''Caroline'' affair, President Harrison died and Vice-President John Tyler ascended to the presidency.<ref name=ale /> Tyler resisted Clay's attempts to set the Whig agenda, and vetoed two bank bills against Crittenden's advice.<ref name="ragan12" /> Crittenden and the other Whigs in Tyler's [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]]—excepting [[Daniel Webster]]—resigned in protest of Tyler's deviation from the traditional Whig agenda.<ref name=ale /> Crittenden's resignation was effective September 11, 1841.<ref name=coulter /> He returned to Kentucky with no political office and very little money.<ref name=coulter /> A group of his friends in Woodford County purchased his boyhood home and presented it to him as a gift on his return to Kentucky.<ref name=coulter /> |
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Crittenden was appointed to the United States Senate in 1842, filling the vacancy caused by Clay's resignation.<ref name="ragan12" /> In January 1843, he was elected to a full term over [[Richard Mentor Johnson]].<ref name=ragan13>Ragan, p. 13</ref> The Whigs' feud with President Tyler continued unabated, and some even talked of [[impeachment|impeaching]] him, but Crittenden condemned that course of action.<ref name=ragan13 /> During the [[Twenty-seventh United States Congress|27th]] and [[Twenty-eighth United States Congress|28th]] Congresses, he served on the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Committee on Military Affairs]].<ref name=bioguide /> He was an advocate of moderate protective tariffs and federal [[internal improvements]].<ref name=ragan13 /> He opposed giving states the option to forgo [[apportionment]], which would have allowed them to elect their congressmen [[at-large]].<ref name=colemanv1175>Coleman, vol. I, p. 175</ref> |
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===Polk administration=== |
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[[File:John J. Crittenden.jpg|thumb|right|[[Daguerreotype]] of John J. Crittenden, c. 1846. By [[Mathew Brady]].]] |
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Crittenden again supported Clay's presidential bid in [[United States presidential election, 1844|1844]].<ref name=coulter /> Clay was widely considered the favorite not only for the Whig nomination, but to win the general election.<ref name=kirwan170>Kirwan, p. 170</ref> None of the traditional campaign issues—Tyler's "executive usurpation", Clay's "corrupt bargain" with John Quincy Adams, or the protective tariff—seemed to excite the electorate.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 170–171</ref> However, the issue of the [[Texas Annexation|annexation of Texas]] changed the entire campaign.<ref name=kirwan171>Kirwan, p. 171</ref> Clay made a tour of the [[Southern United States|South]] just before the Whig nominating convention and concluded that the sentiment in favor of annexation in that part of the country was not as strong as had been assumed in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=kirwan176>Kirwan, p. 176</ref> Acting on this belief, and against Crittenden's advice, Clay sent a letter opposing annexation to Crittenden, asking him to have it published in the ''[[National Intelligencer]]''.<ref name=kirwan176 /> |
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Clay believed the Democrats would again nominate Martin Van Buren, who was ardently opposed to annexation, and this would keep annexation from becoming an issue in the campaign.<ref name=kirwan176 /> Clay was nominated by [[acclamation]] at the Whig convention in [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]] a week later.<ref name=kirwan176 /> At the Democratic nominating convention a month later, however, Van Buren was unable to secure his party's nomination, and the Democrats instead nominated [[James K. Polk]], who strongly favored annexation.<ref name=kirwan176 /> Clay tried to moderate his views on annexation, but his changes of position drew opposition from supporters of both sides of the issue as he attempted to find a middle ground.<ref name=kirwan178>Kirwan, p. 178</ref> Polk went on to win the election in a close race.<ref name=ragan13 /> This was the last time Clay would be nominated for president, and many Whigs believed that, following Clay's defeat, Crittenden was the new leader of their party.<ref>Kirwan, p. 180, 192</ref> |
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In 1845, the Senate took up the question of ending the joint occupancy of the [[Oregon Territory]] with Great Britain.<ref name=colemanv1231>Coleman, vol. I, p. 231</ref> [[Lewis Cass]], a senator from [[Michigan]], supported an immediate termination of the joint occupation agreement and maintained that a war with the British over the matter was inevitable.<ref name=colemanv1231 /> Crittenden disagreed, and insisted that Britain be given two years notice before the joint occupation of the territory was ended in order to allow time for a diplomatic resolution.<ref name=colemanv1231 /> Ultimately, Crittenden's position prevailed, and a compromise with Britain was effected, setting the dividing line between the two nations' claims at the [[49th parallel north]].<ref name=kirwan192>Kirwan, p. 192</ref> |
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In 1846, the United States entered the [[Mexican–American War]] in an attempt to gain control of Texas.<ref name=ragan13 /> Crittenden did not support the war, and after war was declared, he insisted that commissioners accompany the U.S. armies and attempt to broker peace at every opportunity.<ref name=coulter /> Throughout the war, he corresponded regularly with Generals [[Zachary Taylor]] and [[Winfield Scott]].<ref name=coulter /> Crittenden's sons, George and Thomas, both served in the war; Thomas Crittenden served on Scott's staff.<ref name=ragan14>Ragan, p. 14</ref> President Polk consulted Crittenden regarding the terms of peace that should be accepted to end the war.<ref name=ragan14 /> Crittenden insisted that the terms of peace should not include the acquisition of territory to which the United States did not have a "just claim", but the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] submitted to Congress in 1848 called for Mexico to give up not only its claims to Texas, but also to [[Mexican Cession|New Mexico, California, and all the territory in between]].<ref name=kirwan196>Kirwan, p. 196</ref> A few Whigs joined the Democratic majority in Congress to ratify the treaty and defeat the [[Wilmot Proviso]], which would have banned slavery in the newly acquired territory.<ref name=kirwan197>Kirwan, p. 197</ref> |
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Friends encouraged Crittenden to run for president in the [[United States presidential election, 1848|1848 election]].<ref name=coulter /> A [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] newspaper declared its support for him as early as 1846.<ref name=kirwan201>Kirwan, p. 201</ref> A Democratic senator from [[Rhode Island]] opined that Crittenden could win support from a sizable number of Democrats in addition to the support of his own party.<ref name=kirwan201 /> [[George B. Kinkead]] desired to have the Kentucky General Assembly nominate Crittenden for president in 1847.<ref name=kirwan201 /> None of these overtures swayed Crittenden.<ref name=coulter /> "For Heaven's sake don't talk to me about the Presidency," he said, rebuffing one early offer.<ref name=kirwan202>Kirwan, p. 202</ref> Clay hoped Crittenden would again support him, but Crittenden concluded that Clay was no longer a viable candidate and threw his support behind Kentuckian Zachary Taylor.<ref name=ale /> This decision caused a rift between the two friends, and they were not reconciled until years later when Clay lay on his deathbed.<ref name=coulter /> |
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===Campaigns of 1848=== |
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[[File:Lazarus W. Powell - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A man in his late forties with receding hair and a full beard. He is wearing a white shirt with a black vest and jacket and is facing right|[[Lazarus Powell]] was Crittenden's opponent in the 1848 gubernatorial election]] |
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The Whig Party was also divided in Kentucky, not only between Clay and Taylor, but between gubernatorial candidates.<ref name=kirwan212>Kirwan, p. 212</ref> William J. Graves, out of politics since his fatal shooting of Representative Cilley, had the backing of sitting Whig governor [[William Owsley]], while [[Archibald Dixon]] had secured support from former Whig governor Robert P. Letcher.<ref name=kirwan212 /> Letcher wrote to Crittenden that a Whig split and Democratic victory in the gubernatorial election would have an injurious effect on Whig hopes of carrying Kentucky in the 1848 presidential election; another former Whig governor, Thomas Metcalfe, concurred.<ref name=kirwan212 /> At the Whig nominating convention, both Graves and Dixon withdrew their names and a delegate from Logan County put forward Crittenden's name without his consent.<ref name=kirwan213>Kirwan, p. 213</ref> The nomination easily carried before Crittenden's friends could block it.<ref name=kirwan213 /> The governorship was less prestigious and paid less than Crittenden's position in the Senate.<ref name=ragan15>Ragan, p. 15</ref> He would also have to abandon his growing legal practice before the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] and would lose input on national issues of importance to him such as the territorial questions that grew out of the Mexican War.<ref name=ragan15 /> Nevertheless, he believed that his candidacy would unite the Whigs and help Taylor win Kentucky's electoral votes in the general election.<ref name=ragan15 /> He accepted the nomination a week after it was made.<ref name=kirwan214>Kirwan, p. 214</ref> |
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[[Elijah Hise]], Chief Justice of the [[Kentucky Court of Appeals]], was the leading candidate for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination, but after the Whig nomination of Crittenden, Hise withdrew from consideration.<ref name=kirwan224>Kirwan, p. 224</ref> The Democratic state convention then nominated Congressman [[Linn Boyd]], but Boyd also declined the nomination.<ref name=kirwan224 /> The Democrats were finally able to nominate [[Henderson, Kentucky|Henderson]] lawyer [[Lazarus W. Powell]].<ref name=kirwan224 /> As Crittenden canvassed the state, his opponents charged him with disloyalty to Clay because he refused to support him in the 1848 election.<ref name=kirwan225>Kirwan, p. 225</ref> Crittenden maintained that he supported Clay for the presidency over anyone else, but he had believed that Clay did not intend to seek the Whig nomination in 1848.<ref name=kirwan226>Kirwan, p. 226</ref> After Clay announced his candidacy, Crittenden said, he remained neutral in the Whigs' choice.<ref name=kirwan227>Kirwan, p. 227</ref> In the gubernatorial election, Crittenden defeated Powell by a vote of 65,860 to 57,397.<ref name=kirwan231>Kirwan, p. 231</ref> He resigned his Senate seat to assume the governorship.<ref name=ale /> |
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With his own campaign at a close, Crittenden resumed direction of Taylor's presidential campaign, dispatching accomplished Whig speakers to all parts of the country.<ref name=kirwan232>Kirwan, p. 232</ref> After Taylor was elected, he offered Crittenden the post of Secretary of State.<ref name=kirwan238>Kirwan, p. 238</ref> Appeals came in from both Whig and Democratic leaders across the country urging him to serve in the cabinet; Taylor was inexperienced, and many felt that without Crittenden to guide him, his administration would fail.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 235–237</ref> Taylor personally visited Crittenden in Frankfort on February 15, 1849 in hopes of persuading him to accept the appointment.<ref name=kirwan239>Kirwan, p. 239</ref> Crittenden refused Taylor's overtures, and Taylor similarly rejected Crittenden's appeals to appoint his friend, Robert P. Letcher, as [[Postmaster General of the United States|Postmaster General]].<ref name=kirwan239 /> Crittenden's input is believed to have contributed significantly to the appointments of [[John M. Clayton]] as Secretary of State and [[Orlando Brown (Kentucky)|Orlando Brown]] as Commissioner of Indian Affairs.<ref>Ragan, pp. 16–17</ref> |
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Crittenden's reasons for refusing Taylor's appointment were many. Partially, he declined out of respect for Clay's feelings and partially he felt it would be viewed in the same way as Clay and Adams' "corrupt bargain" in 1825.<ref name=coulter /><ref name=kirwan237>Kirwan, p. 237</ref> Resigning the governorship also would have amounted to admitting to the Democrats' charges that he only sought the office to help Taylor win the presidency.<ref name=ragan16>Ragan, p. 16</ref> Finally, he had not been able to fully heal the breach in the Whig Party, and he wanted to remedy that situation.<ref name=ragan16 /> |
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===Gubernatorial administration=== |
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During Crittenden's term, he gave strong support to [[Superintendent (education)|superintendent]] of public education, [[Robert Jefferson Breckinridge]], who would come to be known as the "Father of public school system in Kentucky."<ref name=kye /> In response to Crittenden's call for financial support for the improvement of public education, the General Assembly passed a common school law on February 26, 1849.<ref name=howard66>Howard, p. 66</ref> This law established guidelines for several public officials regarding their administration of the common schools.<ref name=howard66 /> The Assembly also reserved [[tariff|tolls]] collected on the [[Kentucky River|Kentucky]], [[Green River (Kentucky)|Green]], and [[Barren River|Barren]] rivers for education, and passed a two percent [[property tax]] to fund the state's schools.<ref name=howard66 /> |
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Crittenden ordered the refurbishing of the state penitentiary, which had been damaged by a fire, and called for an extensive state geological survey.<ref name=howard66 /> He also advised the creation of a [[sinking fund]] to retire the state's debt.<ref name=howard66 /> The state adopted a new constitution during Crittenden's term, though Crittenden was not a delegate to the [[Constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]] and apparently had little influence on the drafting of the document.<ref name=kirwan244>Kirwan, p. 244</ref> Most Whigs opposed the calling of a constitutional convention because it would necessarily involve reapportionment of the state's legislative districts and threaten Whig dominance in the General Assembly; nevertheless, Crittenden belatedly supported the call for a convention during his 1848 gubernatorial campaign.<ref name=kirwan244 /> |
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With the question of slavery becoming even more critical following the territorial acquisitions of the Mexican–American War, John C. Calhoun delivered an inflammatory address in December 1848 urging leaders of the southern states to resist "Northern aggression", even if it meant secession from the Union. Crittenden strongly denounced secession in his annual messages to the legislature in 1848 and 1849. In response, the state senate passed a resolution calling on Kentucky's citizens to cherish the Union and resist any efforts to secede.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 244–246</ref> |
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===Second term as attorney general=== |
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[[File:Fillmore.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A man in his mid fifties with white hair wearing a black jacket and white shirt|President Millard Fillmore appointed Crittenden to his second term as U.S. Attorney General]] |
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Vice-President [[Millard Fillmore]] ascended to the presidency upon Taylor's death and offered Crittenden the post of Attorney General.<ref name=ale /> Believing the rift in the Whig Party was now much improved, he accepted the offer and resigned the governorship in 1850.<ref name=ragan17>Ragan, p. 17</ref> Fillmore, an opponent of slavery, requested an opinion from Crittenden on the constitutionality of the [[fugitive slave law]], one of the bills involved in the [[Compromise of 1850]].<ref name=kirwan267>Kirwan, p. 267</ref> Specifically, he asked if the law suspended the writ of ''[[habeas corpus]]''.<ref name=kirwan267 /> Crittenden said that it did not, opining that it discharged a duty placed on Congress by the Constitution to return runaway slaves.<ref name=kirwan267 /> Crittenden's opinion was probably motivated by a desire to see the Compromise pass and avert further sectional tension.<ref name=ragan18>Ragan, p. 18</ref> Fillmore, his misgivings assuaged, signed the bill, keeping the Compromise intact.<ref name=kirwan267 /> |
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Questions regarding claims in Florida, some already considered by Crittenden during his first term as attorney general, continued during his second term. Specifically, some of the claimants objected to a legal provision, passed by Congress years after the [[Adams–Onís Treaty]], that allowed the Secretary of the Treasury to refuse to pay claims awarded by Florida courts that he found not to be "just and equitable". The claimants contended that this allowed an executive officer to overrule a judicial decision in violation of the doctrine of [[separation of powers]]. Crittenden held that the secretary's ruling was just as much a judicial action as that of the Florida judges. Further, he reiterated his 1841 decision that no interest could be paid on claims arising from damages resulting from Jackson's invasion. Despite this opinion, a Florida judge awarded interest to one of the claimants, and the government appealed the case to the Supreme Court, with Crittenden serving as the government's counsel. The Court upheld Crittenden's entire opinion in its ruling.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 267–268</ref> |
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Crittenden was awarded an [[Honorary degree|honorary]] [[Doctor of Laws]] degree from [[Harvard University]] in 1851.<ref name="kirwan269" /> Later that year, he acted as [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] during the illness of Daniel Webster.<ref name=coulter /> In this capacity, he wrote a vigorous warning to both Britain and France about interfering in the question of [[Cuba]]n independence.<ref name=ragan18 /> He also encouraged adherence to the United States' traditional policy of non-interference in Europe during the celebrated visit of [[Hungary|Hungarian]] revolutionary [[Louis Kossuth]] to the United States in 1851.<ref>Ragan, pp. 18–19</ref> |
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In November 1851, the General Assembly convened to elect a successor to Senator [[Joseph R. Underwood]]. Underwood, whose term would expire in 1853, desired re-election, and Whigs [[Charles S. Morehead]] and [[George Robertson (congressman)|George Robertson]] had also announced their respective candidacies. Crittenden, whose term as attorney general also expired in 1853, had publicly announced that he wished to return to the Senate after his service in President Fillmore's cabinet, and upon learning this, Underwood and Morehead both withdrew from the race. Robertson was not expected to seriously challenge Crittenden, but following the withdrawals of the other candidates, Archibald Dixon entered the race. Historically an ally of Crittenden, Dixon's entrance into the race after Crittenden's announcement showed that he had switched his allegiance from Crittenden to Clay. Democrats, desirous to defeat Crittenden and embarrass the Whigs, pledged to vote against him at all costs, even if it meant electing Dixon. Crittenden's friends, therefore, held back his name from nomination to spare him almost certain defeat. Balloting deadlocked for several days, with Clay supporters throwing their support to Dixon, Robertson, and Lieutenant Governor [[John Burton Thompson|John B. Thompson]], a compromise candidate. Another compromise was proposed whereby Clay, his health failing, would resign his Senate seat, creating two Senate vacancies and allowing both Dixon and Crittenden to be elected, but Clay refused to cooperate. Finally, on the night of December 11, 1851, the Whigs met in caucus and agreed to withdraw both Dixon and Crittenden and elect Thompson.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 274–278</ref> |
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A week after the election, Clay resigned, but Crittenden now declined the appointment to fill his unexpired term.<ref name=kirwan279>Kirwan, p. 279</ref> Instead, the legislature elected Dixon to the remainder of Clay's term, set to expire in March 1855.<ref name=kirwan284>Kirwan, p. 284</ref> Three weeks before Clay's death in 1852, he sent for Crittenden, and the two were reconciled; Critteden delivered a eulogy for Clay in September 1852, publicly dispelling the feud.<ref name=kirwan284 /> After Clay's death, Crittenden became the most prominent Whig leader in Kentucky.<ref name=ragan19>Ragan, p. 19</ref> He encouraged the party to support the nomination of Millard Fillmore for the presidency in 1852, but the nomination ultimately went to Winfield Scott.<ref name=ragan19 /> Crittenden was proposed as the nominee for vice-president, but he declined.<ref name=kirwan281>Kirwan, p. 281</ref> Democrat [[Franklin Pierce]] carried the state by 2,700 votes in the [[United States presidential election, 1852|general election]] and Democrats also captured the governorship that year; both were harbingers of the demise of the Whig Party in Kentucky.<ref name=ragan19 /> |
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===Return to the Senate=== |
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[[File:MrsJJCrittenden.jpg|thumb|left|Elizabeth Moss, Crittenden's third wife]] |
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On February 27, 1853, the twice-widower Crittenden married his third wife, Elizabeth Moss.<ref name=colemanv121 /> Moss was twice-widowed, most recently to General [[William Henry Ashley]].<ref name=hatter55 /><ref name=kye>Harrison, p. 240</ref> Moss was Crittenden's wife until his death.<ref name=hatter55 /> Crittenden served as attorney general until the expiration of Fillmore's term in 1853.<ref name=bioguide /> Following his service as attorney general, he returned to private life.<ref name=ragan19 /> He made a substantial amount of money establishing mining claims for his clients in the former Mexican territory.<ref name=ragan19 /> |
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In 1853, the legislature was to elect a successor to Senator Dixon. Now satisfied that the feud between Clay and Crittenden had ended, Dixon did not seek re-election, leaving Crittenden with no Whig opposition. On a joint vote of the two houses of the General Assembly, Crittenden was elected 78–59 over governor Lazarus Powell.<ref name=kirwan285>Kirwan, p. 285</ref> |
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In the period between his election and his taking office, Crittenden was the lead defense counsel in the [[murder]] trial of Matt F. Ward, the son of one of Crittenden's lifelong friends. Ward's younger brother had been disciplined by the principal at [[Louisville Male High School]] the preceding November, and the elder Ward went to argue with the principal on behalf of his brother. In the ensuing encounter, Ward shot and killed the principal with a pistol. Public sentiment was heavily against Ward, and the trial was [[change of venue|moved]] to [[Hardin County, Kentucky|Hardin County]]. During the week-long trial, which began in April 1854, Crittenden emphasized inconsistencies in the accounts of eyewitnesses and called prominent character witnesses such as [[List of mayors of Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville mayor]] [[James Stephens Speed]], Congressman [[William Preston (Kentucky)|William Preston]], and ''Courier-Journal'' editor [[George D. Prentice]]. He presented a case that Ward had acted in [[self-defense]]. Because the prosecution sought the [[capital punishment|death penalty]], Crittenden asserted that if the jury rendered an erroneous conviction, they would have no peace of mind knowing they had sentenced an innocent man to [[Hanging|hang]].<ref name=kirwan286>Kirwan, pp. 285–286</ref> |
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There was a tremendous public outcry when Ward was found not guilty.<ref name=howard65 /> Newspapers across the nation condemned the verdict and Crittenden for his role in securing it.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 286–287</ref> Only Prentice, in the ''Courier-Journal'', defended Crittenden and the Ward family.<ref name=kirwan287>Kirwan, p. 287</ref> Several public meetings passed resolutions calling for Crittenden's resignation from the Senate.<ref name=howard65 /> After one such meeting, a mob gathered and Crittenden, Prentice, the Wards, and the twelve jurors were [[Effigy|burned in effigy]].<ref name=kirwan287 /> |
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When he assumed his Senate seat in 1855, Crittenden was sixty-nine years old, the eldest member of that body. The Whig Party had practically dissolved by this time, and he joined many of his fellow Kentuckians in associating with the [[Know Nothing Party]]. Although he did not agree with all of the party's principles, he would not associate with the Democrats, the party he had spent much of his career denouncing, nor would he associate with the new [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] because of their stance against slavery. Despite his misgivings about some of the party platform, he campaigned on behalf of Millard Fillmore, the party's candidate in the [[United States presidential election, 1856|1856 presidential election]].<ref name=ragan2021>Ragan, pp. 20–21</ref> |
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In the early part of his term, Crittenden was concerned with quelling the [[Bleeding Kansas|violence in Kansas Territory]].<ref name=ragan20>Ragan, p. 20</ref> An opponent of the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]] of 1854, Crittenden also opposed repealing the [[Missouri Compromise]] unless the North agreed to substitute [[popular sovereignty]] for the exclusion of slavery north of the [[Parallel 36°30' north|36°30' line]].<ref name=kirwan314>Kirwan, p. 314</ref> In early 1856, he proposed sending General Winfield Scott to the [[Kansas Territory]] to ensure that fair elections were held there, but the proposal was blocked by the Pierce administration.<ref name=ragan2021 /> He did not agree with all of the act proposed by [[Robert Toombs]] to allow for a constitutional convention in Kansas Territory, but he supported it as a step to bring peace there.<ref name=ragan21>Ragan, p. 21</ref> He regarded the ratifications of both the [[Topeka Constitution]] and the [[Lecompton Constitution]] as invalid, and made one of the most highly regarded speeches of his career in opposition to the latter.<ref name=coulter /><ref name=ragan21 /> His substitute bill that would have resubmitted the Lecompton Constitution to Kansas for another ratification vote was supported by Republicans, but it was ultimately defeated.<ref name=kirwan329>Kirwan, p. 329</ref> So great was Crittenden's influence after his actions on the Kansas question that [[Abraham Lincoln]] felt that Crittenden's endorsement of [[Stephen Douglas]] cost Lincoln the [[Illinois]] [[United States Senate elections, 1858|senatorial election in 1858]].<ref name=ragan21 /> |
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==Civil War== |
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From 1858 to 1860, Crittenden sought out moderates from all sections of the country to effect compromise on the territorial and slavery issues, thus averting war.<ref name=ragan21 /> In 1860, he was named chair of the National Union Executive Committee. a collection of congressmen and journalists who feared that sectional differences would destroy the Union.<ref>Ragan, pp. 22–23</ref> His efforts helped form the [[Constitutional Union Party (United States)|Constitutional Union Party]] later that year.<ref name=ragan21 /> Chosen as the [[keynote speaker]] at the party's national convention on May 9, 1860, many urged him to become their nominee for president.<ref name=ragan23>Ragan, p. 23</ref> At age seventy-three, however, Crittenden was already contemplating retirement and instead orchestrated the nomination of [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]], whom he actively supported in the [[United States presidential election, 1860|1860 presidential race]].<ref name=ale /> |
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Even after the election of Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860, Crittenden rejected the idea that secession was inevitable and continued to work for the preservation of the Union.<ref name=ragan23 /> He believed that the current sectional crisis could—like all past disagreements in U.S. history—be resolved through compromise.<ref name=kirwan374>Kirwan, p. 374</ref> However, he believed that this compromise must not be a simple legislative action, which could be altered or even repealed by a successive Congress, but amendments to the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]], which would be much more difficult to change.<ref name=kirwan375>Kirwan, p. 375</ref> To that end, he proposed the [[Crittenden Compromise]]—a package of six constitutional amendments and four congressional resolutions—in December 1860.<ref name=finkelman>Finkelman, p. 728</ref> Among the resolutions were a condemnation of Northern [[personal liberty laws]] and an assertion of the constitutionality of the fugitive slave law.<ref name=finkelman /> The amendments would have restored the [[Missouri Compromise]] line and extended it to [[California]] as a line of demarcation between slave and free territories. Crittenden's other amendments would have further guaranteed that slavery would remain legal indefinitely in [[Washington, D. C.]] so long as it was legal in either [[Maryland]] or [[Virginia]] and that slaveholders would be reimbursed for runaway slaves.<ref name=ale /> Also, the amendments denied Congress any power to interfere with the interstate slave trade or with slavery in the existing Southern states and made the [[fugitive slave law]] and [[three-fifths compromise]] perpetual in duration.<ref name=kirwan376>Kirwan, p. 376</ref> |
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The compromise proposal was referred to a special committee proposed by Crittenden's fellow Kentucky senator, Lazarus Powell. Though it was believed that Republicans in general, including their representatives on the committee, were disposed to accept Crittenden's compromise or one substantially similar to it, President-elect Lincoln had already instructed his trusted allies in the legislature to resist any plan to extend slavery into the territories. Consequently, when the committee held its first meeting, the Republican members blocked Crittenden's plan and six others from coming to the floor for a vote. Despite their opposition, however, the Republicans presented no alternative plan. After the rejection of Crittenden's plan in committee, Florida, [[Mississippi]], [[Alabama]], and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] followed [[South Carolina]]'s lead and passed ordinances of secession.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 378, 380–381, 390</ref> |
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On January 3, 1861, Crittenden tried to salvage his plan by recommending to the full Senate that it be submitted to the people in referendum. It was widely believed that a referendum would recommend adoption of Crittenden's plan, and Republicans in Congress used a variety of procedures to prevent a vote on allowing it. On January 16, with procedural delays exhausted, [[New Hampshire]] Senator [[Daniel Clark (New Hampshire)|Daniel Clark]] moved to substitute for Crittenden's plan a resolution stating that constitutional amendments were unnecessary to preserve the Union, and that enforcement of the Constitution and the present laws would eliminate the need for special sectional guarantees. With the senators from southern states (both those that had seceded and those that had not) refusing to vote, Republicans were left with a majority in the chamber and passed Clark's substitute resolution, effectively killing Crittenden's proposal.<ref name=kirwan400>Kirwan, pp. 392, 396–397, 399–400</ref> |
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Crittenden remained in Washington for a few weeks after Congress adjourned. Having learned that [[John Archibald Campbell]], an Alabaman serving on the Supreme Court, had decided to resign in light of his state's secession, President Lincoln proposed to appoint Crittenden to the vacant seat. Lincoln's cabinet approved, and the nomination papers were drafted, but Campbell belatedly reconsidered his resignation, and by the time he definitely determined to resign, Lincoln had changed his mind regarding Crittenden's nomination.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 425–426</ref> |
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Having failed to secure compromise at the federal level, Crittenden returned to Kentucky in early 1861, attempting to persuade his home state to reject the overtures of fellow southern states and remain in the Union.<ref name=ragan25>Ragan, p. 25</ref> On May 10, 1861, a conference was held to decide Kentucky's course in the war.<ref name=coulter /> Crittenden joined Archibald Dixon and [[Samuel Smith Nicholas|S. S. Nicholas]] as Unionist representatives at the conference; the Southern Rights position was represented by John C. Breckinridge, Governor [[Beriah Magoffin]], and [[Richard Hawes]].<ref name=kirwan434>Kirwan, p. 434</ref> The conference failed to produce a united course of action, but adopted the policy of armed neutrality.<ref name=coulter /><ref name=ragan25 /> Unionists in the legislature, however, feared that the state militia and its commander [[Simon Bolivar Buckner]], had Confederate sympathies.<ref name=kirwan435>Kirwan, p. 435</ref> To counter any threat that the militia would seize control of the state for the South, the General Assembly organized the Home Guard, a separate militia controlled by a five-man, pro-Union commission.<ref name=kirwan435 /> Crittenden enlisted in the Home Guard as a [[Private (rank)|private]] and was part of a group styled the "Union Defense Committee" that secured weapons for the Home Guard from the federal government.<ref name=kirwan436>Kirwan, p. 436</ref> |
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In April, the General Assembly called a [[Border states (American Civil War)|border states]] convention to be held in Frankfort in May.<ref name=kirwan436 /> Slates of delegates were nominated by both the Unionists and Southern Rightists, but war broke out before the election of delegates; the Southern Rights delegates withdrew from the election, and the Unionist slate, including Crittenden, was chosen by default.<ref name=kirwan437>Kirwan, p. 437</ref> On May 27, 1861, Crittenden was chosen chair of the convention and called it to order.<ref name="kirwan437" /> With war having largely precluded any good the meeting could have accomplished, only nine of Kentucky's twelve delegates were present, along with four from [[Missouri]] (out of seven elected), and one from Tennessee (and his election was questionable); Virginia, Maryland, and [[Delaware]] sent no delegates.<ref name="kirwan437" /> Ultimately, the convention accomplished little beyond calling on the southern states to reconsider their secession and on the northern states to moderate their demands.<ref name=coulter /> |
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Against his father's wishes, Crittenden's son [[George Crittenden|George]] resigned his position as a [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] in the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] to join the [[Confederate States Army]] (in which he was promoted brigadier then major general, only to effectively lose his career in the early Confederate defeat at [[Battle of Mill Springs|Mill Springs, Kentucky]]. George's brother, [[Thomas Leonidas Crittenden]], had been a member of Buckner's State Guard, but joined the [[Union Army]] in September 1861 and was advanced to the rank of [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]], serving under [[Don Carlos Buell]]. Another son, Eugene, also served in the Union Army and attained the rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]]. One of John Crittenden's grandsons, John Crittenden Coleman, enlisted with the [[Confederate Army]], while another grandson, [[John Crittenden Watson]], graduated from the [[United States Naval Academy|U.S. Naval Academy]] and participated in [[David Farragut]]'s capture of [[New Orleans, Louisiana]] during the war.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 446–448</ref> |
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===Service in the House of Representatives and death=== |
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[[File:John J. Crittenden - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|left|John J. Crittenden in his elder years]] |
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President Lincoln called a special session of Congress to convene July 4, 1861, and Kentucky held special elections in June to select congressmen for the special session. Crittenden had expressed his desire to retire from public service and initially refused pleas to become a candidate, but he finally consented to run in late May. He was elected over secessionist candidate [[William E. Simms]]; in all, nine of Kentucky's ten congressional districts selected Unionist candidates in the special election. Upon taking his seat, he was assigned to the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|Committee on Foreign Affairs]]. On July 10, 1861, he accompanied Simon B. Buckner on a visit to President Lincoln to secure a renewed commitment from Lincoln to respect Kentucky's neutrality; Lincoln agreed only to issue a declaration that he had no present designs on Kentucky but would not commit to restrict his future actions. In order to calm the fears of border state citizens concerned about the Union's objectives in the war, he introduced the [[Crittenden-Johnson Resolution]] which blamed the secessionist states for the war and stated that the object of the war was not the subjugation of those states, but the defense of the Constitution and the preservation of the Union. When those ends were achieved, the resolution stated, the war should cease. Kentucky Representative [[Henry C. Burnett]] asked that the [[Division of a question|question be divided]]. Burnett was one of only two votes against the portion of the resolution blaming the Southern states for the war; the only dissent on the remaining portion came from [[Wisconsin]]'s [[John F. Potter]] and [[Ohio]]'s [[Albert G. Riddle]]. In the Senate, the resolution passed 30–5, with Kentucky senators Breckinridge and Powell voting in the minority.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 438–439, 441, 443</ref> In December 1861 the House refused, by a vote of 76–65, to reaffirm the resolution.<ref name=bradley87>Bradley and Dahlen, p. 87</ref> |
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After Congress adjourned in late July 1861, Crittenden returned home to Frankfort, but soon had to flee the city as Confederate generals [[Braxton Bragg]] and [[Edmund Kirby Smith]] invaded Kentucky, capturing both Frankfort and Lexington. He took up temporary residence at Louisville's [[Galt House]] hotel and was still residing there when Union General [[William "Bull" Nelson]] was killed by a fellow soldier there in 1862. He returned to his home in Frankfort shortly after the [[Battle of Perryville]] drove the Confederates from the state on October 8, 1862. Returning for the regular congressional session, he became the conduit through which many reports of unconstitutional military arrests in Kentucky were channeled. He spoke against the admission of [[West Virginia]] to the Union on the grounds that Virginia had not consented to the creation of the state from its territory. He also opposed the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] and the use of slaves as soldiers in the war.<ref>Kirwan, pp. 453–455, 457, 460, 464</ref> |
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When he returned to Kentucky following the [[37th United States Congress|Thirty-seventh Congress]], Crittenden's health was failing, and he frequently complained of [[Dyspnea|shortness of breath]] and [[chest pain]].<ref name=kirwan467>Kirwan, p. 467</ref> He had determined to retire from Congress, but once again, friends persuaded him to stand for re-election.<ref name=kirwan469>Kirwan, p. 469</ref> Shortly after his nomination, Crittenden and his wife were ''en route'' to an [[alum]] spring in [[Indiana]] to seek treatment to alleviate the symptoms of his failing health when he collapsed in Louisville.<ref name=kirwan472>Kirwan, p. 472</ref> After remaining bedfast at the home of a local doctor, he returned home to Frankfort where he died on July 26, 1863.<ref name=kirwan472 /> He was interred at the State Cemetery in Frankfort.<ref name=bioguide /> Among his other notable kinsmen were nephews [[Thomas Theodore Crittenden]], congressman from Missouri, and [[Thomas Turpin Crittenden]], a general in the Union Army.<ref name=bioguide /><ref name=jones352>Jones, p. 352</ref> In Kentucky, [[Crittenden County, Kentucky|Crittenden County]] and the town of [[Crittenden, Kentucky|Crittenden]] are named for him.<ref>Rennick, p. 72</ref> |
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==Notes== |
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*{{note|timeline|[a]}}Available sources leave some uncertainty and ambiguity regarding the exact timeline of Crittenden's education. All seem to agree on his graduation from William and Mary in 1806 and admission to the bar in 1807. Sources disagree on matriculation and graduation dates, as well as Crittenden's age and the duration of his studies at the other institutions. |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}} |
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===Bibliography=== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Allen |first=William B. |title=A History of Kentucky: Embracing Gleanings, Reminiscences, Antiquities, Natural Curiosities, Statistics, and Biographical Sketches of Pioneers, Soldiers, Jurists, Lawyers, Statesmen, Divines, Mechanics, Farmers, Merchants, and Other Leading Men, of All Occupations and Pursuits |publisher=Bradley & Gilbert |location=[[Louisville, Kentucky]] |year=1872 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=s_wTAAAAYAAJ}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Bradley |first=George C. |author2=Richard L. Dahlen |title=From Conciliation to Conquest: The Sack of Athens and the Court-Martial of Colonel John B. Turchin |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=[[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-8173-1526-8 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gRwtBBDgBO8C}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Coleman |first=Mrs. Chapman |title=The Life of John J. Crittenden: With Selections from His Correspondence and Speeches |publisher=J. B. Lippincott & Co. |location=[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] |volume=I |year=1873 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=WiVCAAAAIAAJ}} |
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*{{cite web |title=Crittenden, John Jordan |work= Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |publisher=United States Congress |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000912 |accessdate=2010-01-14}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Coulter |first=Ellis Merton |authorlink=E. Merton Coulter |title=Dictionary of American Biography |chapter=John Jordan Crittenden |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=[[New York City, New York]] |year=1937}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Finkelman |first=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of the American Constitution |chapter=Crittenden, John J. (1787–1863) |editor=Leonard W. Levy and Kenneth L. Karst |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |location=[[New York City, New York]] |year=2000}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lowell H. |authorlink=Lowell H. Harrison |author2=Frank F. Mathias |chapter=Crittenden, John Jordan |editor=Kleber, John E. |others=Associate editors: [[Thomas D. Clark]], Lowell H. Harrison, and James C. Klotter |title=The Kentucky Encyclopedia |year=1992 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |location=[[Lexington, Kentucky]] |isbn=0-8131-1772-0 |url=http://www.kyenc.org/entry/c/CRITT02.html}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Hatter |first=Russell |author2=Gene Burch |title=A Walking Tour of Historic Frankfort |publisher=Gene Burch |location=[[Frankfort, Kentucky]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-9637008-3-9 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=-QcynZZ2fNoC}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Howard |first=Victor B. |title=Kentucky's Governors |editor=Lowell Hayes Harrison |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |location=[[Lexington, Kentucky]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-8131-2326-7 |chapter=John Jordan Crittenden}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=American Law Encyclopedia |title=John Jordan Crittenden |url=http://law.jrank.org/pages/5894/Crittenden-John-Jordan.html |publisher=Net Industries |accessdate=2011-01-13 |volume=3}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Terry L. |title=Historical Dictionary of the Civil War: A-L |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2002 |location=[[Lanham, Maryland]] |isbn=0-8108-4112-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XrorWZQMWmAC}} |
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*{{cite web |title=Kentucky Governor John Jordan Crittenden |url=http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_kentucky/col2-content/main-content-list/title_crittenden_john.html |publisher=[[National Governors Association]] |accessdate=2012-03-30}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Kirwan |first=Albert Dennis |authorlink=A. D. Kirwan |title=John J. Crittenden: The Struggle for the Union |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=[[Lexington, Kentucky]] |year=1974 |isbn=0-8371-6922-4}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Levin |first=H. |title=Lawyers and Lawmakers of Kentucky |publisher=Lewis Publishing Company |location=[[Chicago, Illinois]] |year=1897 |url=http://www.rootsweb.com/~kygenweb/kybiog/franklin/crittenden.jj.txt}} |
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*{{cite journal |last=Ragan |first=Allen E. |title=John J. Crittenden, 1787–1863 |journal=Filson Club Historical Quarterly |volume=18 |issue=1 |date=January 1944 |pages=3–28 |url=http://connect1.ajaxdocumentviewer.com/viewerajax.php?WSTyb6np3VkyfBQm1tU5ZoQYaXCfJZwY3ZwFmCaX1RVidO4TfeLEdsW0qKwm4U34uHKx2r2tvaFp684fsMnri6lAzeFwLdHwMTdnAuHJoE0CQuU0CxpH3djpumSVoc8KUo%2FvHy2PbzvkTwYv2hYIo8gOONtIAUi%2BxuV0VjIJxkZSL0k5jyuHDWwsPFQxW5B3sEWoIQ3KYRV87NGUJOtMxBtFoRvo9TCzI19EIflu6YfRZrQyzfVX27pj5juDjLyIDcpwPF9O9Qx45XrpLbn%2FqNCIj1QnF3mlxdLWCDwnkwbxaEHAHeLagrT5UMVZrrxVTYywuQj%2BlAOBRmd4KgtUjwX3QVNUoqWgEv2cEQZtIgSDWw7%2FgqVNsZTlBFw0XpwJva34S8jSkNzeUCWW%2BdqgV%2BgOPZ7ggw9OE9bxr6UO8Os%3D |accessdate=2011-12-06}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Rennick |first=Robert M. |title=Kentucky Place Names |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=[[Lexington, Kentucky]] |year=1988 |isbn=0-8131-0179-4 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3Lac2FUSj_oC}} |
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*{{cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Jeremiah R. |title=A Leaf Upon a Torrent: John Jordan Crittenden’s 1828 Nomination to the Supreme Court as a Study in Political Determinism |journal=The Upsilonian |date=Summer 2000 |volume=12 |url=http://ucumberlands.edu/academics/history/upsilonian/files/vol12/jeremiahtaylor00.html |accessdate=2011-01-13 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20101227075318/http://ucumberlands.edu/academics/history/upsilonian/files/vol12/jeremiahtaylor00.html <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archivedate=2010-12-27}} |
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{{refend}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book |last=Coleman |first=Mrs. Chapman |title=The Life of John J. Crittenden: With Selections from His Correspondence and Speeches |publisher=J. B. Lippincott & Co. |volume=2 |year=1873 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=WiVCAAAAIAAJ |accessdate=2010-02-11}} |
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*[[Damon R. Eubank|Eubank, Damon R.]] ''In the Shadow of the Patriarch: The John J. Crittenden Family in War and Peace. [[Macon, Georgia]]: [[Mercer University Press]], 2009, ISBN 978-0-88146-151-0. |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|John J. Crittenden}} |
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{{CongBio|C000912}} |
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* [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9800EEDB1E3BE63BBC4A53DFBE668388679FDE&oref=slogin The Obsequies of Mr. Crittenden], obituary from ''[[The New York Times]]'' |
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* [http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/crittendenjohn/ Inventory of the John J. Crittenden Papers, 1786-1932], Rubenstein Library, Duke University |
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* {{Find a grave|23284}} |
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* [http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Crittenden.html John Jordan Crittenden] |
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* [http://www.crittendenhistorymuseum.org John J. Crittenden – Crittenden County KY USA] |
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* [[John Y. Mason|Mason]] |
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* [[Nathan Clifford|Clifford]] |
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* [[Isaac Toucey|Toucey]] |
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* [[Reverdy Johnson|Johnson]] |
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* [[John J. Crittenden|Crittenden]] |
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* [[Caleb Cushing|Cushing]] |
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* [[Jeremiah S. Black|Black]] |
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* [[Edwin M. Stanton|Stanton]] |
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* [[Edward Bates|Bates]] |
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* [[James Speed|Speed]] |
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* [[Henry Stanbery|Stanbery]] |
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* [[William M. Evarts|Evarts]] |
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* [[Ebenezer R. Hoar|Hoar]] |
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* [[Amos T. Akerman|Akerman]] |
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* [[George Henry Williams|Williams]] |
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* [[Edwards Pierrepont|Pierrepont]] |
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* [[Alphonso Taft|Taft]] |
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* [[Charles Devens|Devens]] |
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* [[Wayne MacVeagh|MacVeagh]] |
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* [[Benjamin H. Brewster|Brewster]] |
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* [[Augustus Hill Garland|Garland]] |
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* [[William H. H. Miller|Miller]] |
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* [[Richard Olney|Olney]] |
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* [[Judson Harmon|Harmon]] |
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* [[Joseph McKenna|McKenna]] |
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* [[John W. Griggs|Griggs]] |
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* [[Philander C. Knox|Knox]] |
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* [[William Henry Moody|Moody]] |
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* [[Charles Bonaparte (Attorney General)|Bonaparte]] |
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* [[George W. Wickersham|Wickersham]] |
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* [[James Clark McReynolds|McReynolds]] |
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* [[Thomas Watt Gregory|Gregory]] |
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* [[A. Mitchell Palmer|Palmer]] |
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* [[Harry M. Daugherty|Daugherty]] |
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* [[Harlan F. Stone|Stone]] |
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* [[John G. Sargent|Sargent]] |
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* [[William D. Mitchell|W D Mitchell]] |
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* [[Homer Stille Cummings|Cummings]] |
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* [[Frank Murphy|Murphy]] |
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* [[Robert H. Jackson|Jackson]] |
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* [[Francis Biddle|Biddle]] |
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* [[Tom C. Clark|T C Clark]] |
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* [[J. Howard McGrath|McGrath]] |
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* [[James P. McGranery|McGranery]] |
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* [[Herbert Brownell, Jr.|Brownell]] |
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* [[William P. Rogers|Rogers]] |
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* [[Robert F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] |
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* [[Nicholas Katzenbach|Katzenbach]] |
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* [[Ramsey Clark|W R Clark]] |
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* [[John N. Mitchell|J N Mitchell]] |
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* [[Richard Kleindienst|Kleindienst]] |
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* [[Elliot Richardson|Richardson]] |
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* [[William B. Saxbe|Saxbe]] |
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* [[Edward H. Levi|Levi]] |
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* [[Griffin Bell|Bell]] |
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* [[Benjamin Civiletti|Civiletti]] |
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* [[William French Smith|Smith]] |
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* [[Edwin Meese|Meese]] |
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* [[Dick Thornburgh|Thornburgh]] |
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* [[William P. Barr|Barr]] |
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* [[Janet Reno|Reno]] |
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* [[John Ashcroft|Ashcroft]] |
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* [[Alberto Gonzales|Gonzales]] |
|||
* [[Michael Mukasey|Mukasey]] |
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* [[Eric Holder|Holder]] |
|||
}}<noinclude> |
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{{collapsible option}} |
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[[Category:United States Attorneys General|µ]] |
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[[Category:United States Executive Cabinet office holder navigational boxes|Attorneys General]] |
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</noinclude> |
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{{肯塔基州州长}} |
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{{SenArmedServiceCommitteeChairs}} |
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{{navbox |
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| name = SenArmedServiceCommitteeChairs |
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| title = Chairmen of the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services]] |
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| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |
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| listclass = hlist |
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| image = [[File:Seal of the United States Senate.svg|90px|right]] |
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| group1 = Military Affairs Committee <br /> (1816–1947) |
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| list1 = |
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* [[John Williams (Tennessee)|J. Williams]] |
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* [[George Troup|Troup]] |
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* [[John Williams (Tennessee)|J. Williams]] |
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* [[Andrew Jackson|Jackson]] |
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* [[William Henry Harrison|Harrison]] |
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* [[Thomas Hart Benton (senator)|Benton]] |
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* [[William C. Preston|Preston]] |
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* [[John J. Crittenden|Crittenden]] |
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* [[Thomas Hart Benton (senator)|Benton]] |
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* [[Jefferson Davis|Davis]] |
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* [[James Shields|Shields]] |
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* [[John B. Weller|Weller]] |
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* [[Jefferson Davis|Davis]] |
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* [[Henry Wilson|Wilson]] |
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* [[John A. Logan|Logan]] |
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* [[George E. Spencer|Spencer]] |
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* [[Theodore Fitz Randolph|Randolph]] |
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* [[John A. Logan|Logan]] |
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* [[Joseph Roswell Hawley|Hawley]] |
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* [[Edward C. Walthall|Walthall]] |
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* [[Joseph Roswell Hawley|Hawley]] |
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* [[Francis E. Warren|Warren]] |
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* [[Henry A. du Pont|du Pont]] |
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* [[Joseph F. Johnston|Johnston]] |
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* [[George Earle Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] |
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* [[James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr.|Wadsworth]] |
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* [[David A. Reed|Reed]] |
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* [[Morris Sheppard|Sheppard]] |
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* [[Robert Rice Reynolds|Reynolds]] |
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* [[Elbert D. Thomas|Thomas]] |
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| group2 = Naval Affairs Committee <br /> (1816–1947) |
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| list2 = |
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* [[Charles Tait|Tait]] |
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* [[Nathan Sanford|Sanford]] |
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* [[James Pleasants|Pleasants]] |
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* [[James Lloyd (Massachusetts)|Lloyd]] |
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* [[Robert Y. Hayne|Hayne]] |
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* [[George M. Dallas|Dallas]] |
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* [[Samuel L. Southard|Southard]] |
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* [[William Cabell Rives|Rives]] |
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* [[Reuel Williams|R. Williams]] |
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* [[Willie Person Mangum|Mangum]] |
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* [[Richard H. Bayard|Bayard]] |
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* [[John Fairfield|Fairfield]] |
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* [[David Levy Yulee|Yulee]] |
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* [[William M. Gwin|Gwin]] |
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* [[Stephen Mallory|Mallory]] |
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* [[John P. Hale|J. Hale]] |
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* [[James W. Grimes|Grimes]] |
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* [[Aaron H. Cragin|Cragin]] |
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* [[Aaron A. Sargent|Sargent]] |
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* [[John R. McPherson|McPherson]] |
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* [[J. Donald Cameron|Cameron]] |
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* [[John R. McPherson|McPherson]] |
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* [[J. Donald Cameron|Cameron]] |
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* [[Eugene Hale|E. Hale]] |
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* [[George Clement Perkins|Perkins]] |
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* [[Benjamin Tillman|Tillman]] |
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* [[Claude A. Swanson|Swanson]] |
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* [[Carroll S. Page|Page]] |
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* [[Frederick Hale (US senator)|F. Hale]] |
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* [[Park Trammell|Trammell]] |
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* [[David I. Walsh|Walsh]] |
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| group3 = Armed Services Committee <br /> (1947–) |
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| list3 = |
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* [[John Chandler Gurney|Gurney]] |
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* [[Millard Tydings|Tydings]] |
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* [[Richard Russell, Jr.|Russell]] |
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* [[Leverett Saltonstall|Saltonstall]] |
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* [[Richard Russell, Jr.|Russell]] |
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* [[John C. Stennis|Stennis]] |
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* [[John Tower|Tower]] |
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* [[Barry Goldwater|Goldwater]] |
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* [[Sam Nunn|Nunn]] |
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* [[Strom Thurmond|Thurmond]] |
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* [[John Warner|Warner]] |
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* [[Carl Levin|Levin]] |
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* [[John Warner|Warner]] |
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* [[Carl Levin|Levin]] |
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* [[John Warner|Warner]] |
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* [[Carl Levin|Levin]] |
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}}<noinclude> |
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{{collapsible option}} |
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[[Category:United States Senate navigational boxes|Armed Services Chairs]] |
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</noinclude> |
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{{William Henry Harrison cabinet}} |
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{{John Tyler cabinet}} |
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{{Millard Fillmore cabinet}} |
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{{Navbox |
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|name=Retired South Pacific cyclones |
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|title=[[List of retired South Pacific tropical cyclone names|Retired South Pacific tropical cyclone names]] |
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|listclass = hlist |
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|- |
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|group1 = 1970s |
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|list1 = |
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* [[1970–75 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Rosie]] |
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* [[1970–75 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Wendy]] |
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* [[1970–75 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Vivienne]] |
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* [[1970–75 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Agatha]] |
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* [[Cyclone Bebe|Bebe]] |
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* [[1970–75 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Carlotta]] |
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* [[1970–75 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Lottie]] |
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* [[1970–75 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Alison]] |
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* [[1975–80 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Elsa]] |
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* [[1975–80 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Marion]] |
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* [[1975–80 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Bob]] |
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* [[1975–80 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Charles]] |
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* [[1975–80 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Diana]] |
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* [[1975–80 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Fay]] |
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* [[1975–80 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Gordon]] |
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* [[1975–80 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Meli]] |
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* [[1975–80 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Robert]] |
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* [[1975–80 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Tina]] |
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* [[1975–80 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Wally]] |
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|- |
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|group2=1980s |
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|list2= |
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* [[1980–85 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Eddie]] |
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* [[1980–85 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Tahmar]] |
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* [[1980–85 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Gyan]] |
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* [[1980–85 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Issac]] |
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* [[1980–85 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Joti]] |
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* [[1980–85 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Lisa]] |
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* [[1982–83 South Pacific cyclone season|Mark]] |
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* [[1982–83 South Pacific cyclone season|Oscar]] |
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* [[1982–83 South Pacific cyclone season|Veena]] |
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* [[1980–85 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Nigel]] |
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* [[Cyclone Eric|Eric]] |
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* [[1985–90 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Ima]] |
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* [[Cyclone Namu|Namu]] |
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* [[1985–90 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Raja]] |
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* [[1985–90 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Sally]] |
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* [[1985–90 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Tusi]] |
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* [[1985–90 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons|Uma]] |
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* [[Cyclone Anne|Anne]] |
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* [[Cyclone Bola|Bola]] |
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* [[1988–89 South Pacific cyclone season|Harry]] |
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* [[1988–89 South Pacific cyclone season|Lili]] |
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|- |
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|group3=1990s |
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|list3= |
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* [[Cyclone Ofa|Ofa]] |
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* [[1989–90 South Pacific cyclone season|Peni]] |
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* [[Cyclone Sina|Sina]] |
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* [[Cyclone Tia|Tia]] |
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* [[Cyclone Val|Val]] |
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* [[Cyclone Wasa-Arthur|Wasa]] |
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* [[1991–92 South Pacific cyclone season|Betsy]] |
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* [[Cyclone Esau|Esau]] |
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* [[Cyclone Fran|Fran]] |
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* [[1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season|Joni]] |
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* [[1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season|Kina]] |
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* [[1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season|Prema]] |
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* [[Cyclone Rewa|Rewa]] |
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* [[1993–94 South Pacific cyclone season|Theodore]] |
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* [[1994–95 South Pacific cyclone season|William]] |
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* [[1995–96 South Pacific cyclone season|Beti]] |
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* [[Cyclone Drena|Drena]] |
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* [[Cyclone Gavin|Gavin]] |
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* [[Cyclone Hina|Hina]] |
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* [[Cyclone Keli|Keli]] |
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* [[Cyclone Martin|Martin]] |
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* [[Cyclone Osea|Osea]] |
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* [[Cyclone Ron|Ron]] |
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* [[Cyclone Susan|Susan]] |
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* [[1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tui|Tui]] |
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* [[1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Ursula|Ursula]] |
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* [[1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Veli|Veli]] |
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* [[1998–99 South Pacific cyclone season|Cora]] |
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* [[1998–99 South Pacific cyclone season|Dani]] |
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* [[Cyclone Rona–Frank|Frank]] |
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|- |
|||
|group4=2000s |
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|list4= |
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* [[1999–00 South Pacific cyclone season#Severe Tropical Cyclone Kim|Kim]] |
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* [[Cyclone Paula|Paula]] |
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* [[Cyclone Sose|Sose]] |
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* [[Cyclone Trina|Trina]] |
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* [[Cyclone Waka|Waka]] |
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* [[Cyclone Zoe|Zoe]] |
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* [[Cyclone Ami|Ami]] |
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* [[Cyclone Beni|Beni]] |
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* [[Cyclone Cilla|Cilla]] |
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* [[Cyclone Heta|Heta]] |
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* [[Cyclone Ivy|Ivy]] |
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* [[2004–05 South Pacific cyclone season|Meena]] |
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* [[Cyclone Nancy|Nancy]] |
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* [[Cyclone Olaf|Olaf]] |
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* [[Cyclone Percy|Percy]] |
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* [[Cyclone Cliff|Cliff]] |
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* [[Cyclone Daman|Daman]] |
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* [[Cyclone Funa|Funa]] |
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* [[Cyclone Gene|Gene]] |
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* [[2009-10 South Pacific cyclone season|Mick]] |
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|- |
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|group5=2010s |
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|list5= |
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* [[Cyclone Oli|Oli]] |
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* [[2010-11 South Pacific cyclone season|Pat]] |
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* [[Cyclone Tomas|Tomas]] |
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* [[Cyclone Ului|Ului]] |
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* [[Cyclone Vania|Vania]] |
|||
* [[Cyclone Wilma|Wilma]] |
|||
* [[Cyclone Yasi|Yasi]] |
|||
* [[Cyclone Atu|Atu]] |
|||
|below= |
|||
'''{{Icon|Book}} [[Book:Retired South Pacific tropical cyclone names|Book]]'''{{·}} '''{{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Retired South Pacific cyclones|Category]]'''{{·}} '''{{Icon|Portal}} [[Portal:Tropical cyclones|Portal]]'''{{·}} '''{{Icon|WikiProject}} [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones|WikiProject]]'''{{·}} '''[[File:Commons-logo.svg|16px]] [[Commons:Category:{{{year|}}} {{{region|}}} {{{type|}}} season|Commons]]''' |
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}} |
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<noinclude> |
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[[Category:Tropical cyclone retired name templates]] |
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</noinclude> |
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{{Authority control|VIAF=1527099|LCCN=n/87/804945}} |
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{{Persondata |
|||
|NAME = Crittenden, John Jordan |
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION = United States Attorney General |
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|DATE OF BIRTH = September 10, 1787 |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH = Versailles, Kentucky |
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|DATE OF DEATH = July 26, 1863 |
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|PLACE OF DEATH = Frankfort, Kentucky |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Crittenden, John J.}} |
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[[Category:1787 births]] |
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[[Category:1863 deaths]] |
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[[Category:American people of English descent]] |
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[[Category:American Presbyterians]] |
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[[Category:Burials at Frankfort Cemetery]] |
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[[Category:College of William & Mary alumni]] |
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[[Category:Crittenden family]] |
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[[Category:Democratic-Republican Party United States Senators]] |
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[[Category:Fillmore administration cabinet members]] |
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[[Category:Governors of Kentucky]] |
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[[Category:Kentucky Constitutional Unionists]] |
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[[Category:Kentucky Democratic-Republicans]] |
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[[Category:Kentucky Know Nothings]] |
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[[Category:Kentucky lawyers]] |
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[[Category:Kentucky National Republicans]] |
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[[Category:Kentucky Unionists]] |
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[[Category:Kentucky Whigs]] |
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[[Category:Know-Nothing United States Senators]] |
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[[Category:Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives]] |
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[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky]] |
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[[Category:People from Kentucky in the War of 1812]] |
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[[Category:People from Woodford County, Kentucky]] |
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[[Category:People of Kentucky in the American Civil War]] |
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[[Category:Secretaries of State of Kentucky]] |
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[[Category:Speakers of the Kentucky House of Representatives]] |
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[[Category:Tyler administration cabinet members]] |
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[[Category:United States Attorneys]] |
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[[Category:United States Attorneys General]] |
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[[Category:United States Senators from Kentucky]] |
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[[Category:Unsuccessful nominees to the United States Supreme Court]] |
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[[Category:Washington and Lee University alumni]] |
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[[Category:Whig Party United States Senators]] |
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[[Category:William Henry Harrison administration cabinet members]] |
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[[Category:People from Russellville, Kentucky]] |
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[[Category:Unionist Party members of the United States House of Representatives]] |
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[[Category:Whig Party state governors of the United States]] |
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2014年11月25日 (二) 13:47的版本
| 五級強烈熱帶氣旋（斐濟） | |
|---|---|
| 四級tropical cyclone（美國） | |
 Tropical Cyclone Rewa near its peak intensity | |
| 形成 | 1993年12月26日 |
| 消散 | 1994年1月23日 |
| （21 January起轉變成溫帶氣旋） | |
| 最高風速 | 10分鐘持續： 205公里/小時（125英里/小時） 1分鐘持續： 230公里/小時（145英里/小時） |
| 最低氣壓 | 920百帕（毫巴）；27.17英寸汞柱 |
| 死亡 | 22 total |
| 影響地區 | Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Eastern Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and New Zealand |
| 1993–94 South Pacific and the Australian region cyclone seasons的一部分 | |
Severe Tropical Cyclone Rewa affected six countries and caused 22 deaths on its 28-day journey across the South Pacific Ocean in December 1993 and January 1994. Cyclone Rewa developed from a tropical disturbance on 28 December south of Nauru. After forming, Rewa moved southwest through the Solomon Islands, crossing the 160th meridian east from the South Pacific basin into the Australian region. The cyclone began to strengthen steadily and turned southward, paralleling the eastern Australian coast through 31 December. Rewa reached its initial peak intensity as a Category 4 tropical cyclone on 2 January. It maintained this intensity for about 12 hours before an increase in wind shear induced its weakening by 3 January. The cyclone turned southeastward and moved back into the South Pacific basin on 4 January, before it passed over New Caledonia between 5–6 January. After affecting New Caledonia, Rewa weakened to a tropical depression and turned northwestward before re-entering the Australian basin on 10 January.
Over the following days, the cyclone showed signs of restrengthening and executed an elongated cyclonic loop to the southeast of Papua New Guinea. Rewa subsequently entered a phase of quick intensification while proceeding southeastward, peaking in intensity as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone. It recurved toward the southwest while gradually weakening for several days. Although forecasters had predicted Rewa to make landfall near Mackay, Queensland, the cyclone began interacting with an upper-level trough on 18 January, causing it to divert to the southeast and move along the Queensland coast. Rewa transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on 20 January, with its remnants bringing heavy rain to New Zealand three days later.
The cyclone caused the deaths of 22 people on its course, affecting parts of the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Eastern Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and New Zealand. Nine people in a banana dinghy en route to Rossel Island went missing at the height of the storm; they were presumed drowned after wreckage from their boat turned up at the island. In Queensland, three people died in traffic accidents caused by the storm, and another fatality occurred when a boy became trapped in a storm pipe. One death took place in New Caledonia, while flooding caused eight drownings in Papua New Guinea. After this usage of the name Rewa, the name was retired.
Meteorological history
During 26 December, the Fiji Meteorological Service's Tropical Cyclone Warning Center in Nadi, Fiji (TCWC Nadi), started to monitor a tropical depression that had developed within the Intertropical Convergence Zone about 575 km (355 mi) to the south-east of Nauru.[1][2] Over the next few days the depression gradually developed and organised further, as it moved towards the west-southwest under the influence of a north-easterly steering flow.[1][3] During 28 December, the JTWC classified the depression as Tropical Cyclone 05P, before TCWC Nadi reported that the system had developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it Rewa.[4]Template:TCWC Wellington BT[5] Over the next few days, the system gradually intensified under the influence of favourable upper-level winds while it moved towards the south-southwest, passing through the Solomon Islands on 29 December and affecting the southeastern islands of Papua New Guinea.[3][6] As it moved through the Solomon Islands, Rewa moved out of the South Pacific basin and into the Australian region, where the Bureau of Meteorology's Brisbane tropical cyclone warning centre (TCWC Brisbane) took the primary warning responsibility for the system.[4][7]
On 30 December, the JTWC reported that Rewa had become equivalent to a category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale (SSHS); early the next day TCWC Brisbane reported that the system had developed into a category 3 severe tropical cyclone, and an eye became visible on satellite imagery.[1][2][8] The system then abruptly turned and started to move towards the south parallel to the Queensland coast because of an interaction with an upper-level trough of low pressure.[3][4] On 2 January both the JTWC and TCWC Brisbane reported that Rewa had reached its peak intensity, with the JTWC reporting that Rewa had peaked with 1-minute windspeeds of 230 km/h (145 mph), equivalent to a category 4 tropical cyclone on the SSHS.[2][4] Meanwhile TCWC Brisbane reported that the system had peaked with 10-minute windspeeds of 205 km/h (125 mph) with a central pressure of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg), which made it a category 5 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian Scale.[4] When the data was reanalyzed, TCWC Brisbane lowered their estimate of the wind speed to 175 km/h (110 mph), which made Rewa a category 4 severe tropical cyclone.[8][9] Rewa remained at its peak intensity for 12 hours before the system started to weaken during 3 January, as strengthening upper level north-westerlies increased vertical wind shear over the system.[10][11] Throughout that day, the cyclone started to move towards the south-east, before it started to take a more eastwards track as it approached 160°E.[6]
During 4 January, Rewa moved back into the South Pacific basin and continued eastward as a weakening category 3 severe tropical cyclone, with TCWC Nadi estimating the 10-minute sustained windspeeds at 150 km/h (90 mph).[8] During the next day, its eye became obscured after the mountains of New Caledonia affected Rewa's circulation by creating a hot and dry Foehn wind.[1] TCWC Nadi reported that the system had weakened into a category 2 tropical cyclone, while the JTWC reported that Rewa had become a tropical storm.[2][6] The system subsequently made landfall in the vicinity of Saint Vincent Bay on New Caledonia's south-western coast, before it emerged near Thio from the east coast during 6 January.[1][6] By 7 January, Rewa's circulation had become exposed under the influence of upper level north-westerlies; as a result both the JTWC and TCWC Nadi reported that Rewa had weakened into a depression.[2][6] Over the next 3 days, the residual low-level circulation was steered towards the northwest and Papua New Guinea in a southeasterly trade wind flow generated by a powerful area of high pressure located between New Zealand and Kermadec Islands.[1][11] During 10 January, Rewa's remnants moved out of the South Pacific basin and back into the Australian region while starting to re-intensify into a tropical cyclone, as a mid to upper level trough over eastern Australia increased in size.[6][11]
As moved into the Australian region, Rewa began to move in a long arc to the northwest and then to the north, and on 13 January, both the JTWC and TCWC Port Moresby reported that the system had reintensified into a tropical cyclone around Papua New Guinea's southern islands.[2][6] Later that day, Rewa executed a sharp clockwise turn near Tagula Island and started to move towards the southeast and TCWC Brisbane's area of responsibility while gradually intensifying further.[6] During 15 January, TCWC Brisbane reported that the system had reintensified into a category 3 severe tropical cyclone while the JTWC reported that Rewa had become equivalent to a category 1 tropical cyclone again.[2][8] Later that day, the system started to rapidly intensify as an upper level trough approached the system. During the next day the JTWC reported that the system had peaked with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 230 km/h (145 mph).[2][6] TCWC Brisbane then reported later that day, that Rewa had peaked with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 205 km/h (125 mph), which made it a category 5 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[9] After it had peaked in intensity the system recurved towards the south-southwest, and started to gradually weaken.[2] By 18 January the JTWC reported that Rewa had weakened into a tropical storm while throughout that day TCWC Brisbane assessed Rewa as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone.[2][6] During the next day, TCWC Brisbane reported that Rewa had weakened into a category 2 tropical cyclone as it recurved and started to move towards the south-east about 265 km (165 mi) to the east of Mackay, Queensland.[6][8] Over the next couple of days the system moved towards the south-southeast along the Queensland coast while maintaining its intensity.[8] During 21 January, TCWC Brisbane and the JTWC reported that Rewa had weakened below cyclone strength, as the system moved back into the South Pacific basin for the third and final time.[4][5] Rewa's remnants were last noted late on 23 January, by TCWC Wellington, bringing heavy rain to New Zealand, while dissipating over water about 400 km（250 mi） to the east of Wellington, New Zealand.[4][8][11]
Preparations and impact
Twenty-two people lost their lives in accidents caused by Cyclone Rewa, while it affected parts off the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and New Zealand.[12] Due to the impact of this storm, the name Rewa was retired.[13]
The Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and New Zealand
The Solomon Islands were affected by the developing tropical cyclone between 28 – 30 December and was the first Island country to be impacted by Rewa.[14] As it developed into a tropical cyclone on 28 December, the system passed to the north of the outer lying atolls of Malaita Province in the Solomon Islands. Rewa then passed over the southern tip of Malaita Island, before passing to the south of Guadalcanal Island and the north of Rennell Island during 29 December.[2][6]
Cyclone Rewa started to affect New Caledonia on 5 January, before it passed over Grand Terre Island later that day.[15] Rewa dumped over 300 mm (12 in) of rain on parts of the archipelago, which made all of the major rivers overflow and burst their banks.[15][16] Several landslides and a death were recorded within New Caledonia, while on the Loyalty Island of Mare, waves from Rewa partially destroyed the harbour wall at Tadine's port.[15]
The system had no effect on Vanuatu while it passed through the Solomon Islands between 28 – 30 December; however the southern islands of Vanuatu were affected by the cyclone after it had passed through New Caledonia during 5 January.Template:Vanuatu Tropical Cyclones As it moved towards the north-west between 6–8 January, Rewa brought strong winds that were near gale force to parts of the Tafea Province.[17] Rewa also brought strong north-westerly winds and high seas to Efate Island between 8–9 January as it passed about 175 km (110 mi) to the southeast of Port Vila causing damage to the intertidal zone of the city's harbour.[17]
Between 19–24 January, Rewa's remnants, a slow moving weather front over Fiordland and a southerly brought widespread rainfall and flooding to New Zealand's South Island.[18] In Westland, Fiordland and the Southern Lakes, landslides and flooding occurred on 21 January, while several roads and bridges were damaged.[18]
Papua New Guinea
Cyclone Rewa affected Papua New Guinea on two separate occasions while it was active, with the cyclone first affecting the archipelago between 28 December and 1 January, before grazing the archipelago between 12-14 January.[6][19] Before Rewa affected the country, cyclone alerts and warnings were issued for Sudest, Rossel and Samarai islands, while authorities urged people not to go to beaches.[12][20][21] As it affected the archipelago, Rewa brought heavy rainfall, high seas, and wind gusts of up to 100 km/h (60 mph) to parts of the archipelago including Sudest, Rossel and Samarai islands.[12][22] The hardest hit areas were communities near major river systems, with the cyclone blocking roads, destroying a church, bridges, homes and gardens with vital crops such as coffee and copra destroyed.[21][23] In total, Cyclone Rewa left around 3500 people homeless and caused 17 deaths, 8 of which were due to flooding.[21][23] Nine other people went missing while travelling to Rossel Island after their boat was caught up in high seas associated with Rewa.[22][24] They were later presumed dead by the National Disaster and Emergency Service, after a local search and rescue mission found wreckage of the boat.[12][24][22] At 00:00 UTC on 30 December, the automatic weather station at Jingo on Rossel island recorded a maximum sustained wind of 55 km/h (35 mph).[25]
Australia
During the opening days of 1994, Rewa moved southwards parallel to the Queensland coast; however, because it was located about 600 km (370 mi) to the north-east of Mackay, it was too far away from the coast for there to be any direct impact on Queensland.[8][26] The only indirect impact was higher surf, from which several people had to be rescued from before the cyclone started to move towards New Caledonia during 4 January.[16][26] As Rewa affected Queensland for the second time, watches and warnings were issued for various parts of Queensland by TCWC Brisbane, who predicted a landfall near Mackay.[7][27] On 18 January local disaster committees met to consider evacuating people, while people who were on vacation in national parks were alerted about Rewa by a helicopter.[27] A military training exercise that was due to take place in Shoalwater Bay had to be cancelled, with army personal evacuated to Rockhampton to avoid being cut off by flood waters.[27] Along the coast, several ports including Gladstone were shut with large vessels told to head to sea and small vessels told to batten down and prepare for the storm.[27]
On 19 January Rewa started to affect Queensland with torrential rain and storm force windspeeds which caused some damage along the coast.[6] However it did not make its predicted landfall near Mackay, instead it recurved to the south-southeast and came to within 100 km (60 mi) of the coast.[6][28] Two men off Yeppoon's coast were rescued from a fishing trawler by an army Black Hawk helicopter after high seas damaged the trawler's propeller and snapped its heavy anchor chain, leaving it drifting helplessly in the cyclone's path.[28][29] The worst affected island was Lady Elliot as it bore the brunt of the wind, while on Heron Island, several rare trees and bird rookeries were either destroyed or severely damaged. As Rewa interacted with an upper trough of low pressure on 19 January, heavy rainfall and thunderstorms were observed in parts of Brisbane and the Gold Coast.[30] Brisbane received over 144 mm (5.7 in) in just six hours, which led to some localised flash flooding in parts of the city and four deaths.[29][30] Three of the deaths were from people crashing their cars, while the other death occurred when a person went surfing Brisbane's flood water and got trapped in a storm drain.[29][31] Within Brisbane, 100 homes and 20 cars were damaged by the flood waters, while a Sheffield Shield cricket match between Western Australia and Queensland was delayed, after The Gabba resembled a small lake.[32]
See also
- Cyclone Katrina–Victor–Cindy 1997–98 – another erratic tropical cyclone that took a similar path
- Hurricane John 1994 – the longest-tracked tropical cyclone on record
参考资料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Detachment; National Climatic Data Center. Tropical Cyclone Rewa, 26 December 1993 - 21 January 1994 (Global tropical/extratropical cyclone climatic atlas). Indiana University. 1996-06-25 [5 March 2013]. （原始内容存档于5 March 2013）.
- ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center, Joint Typhoon Warning Center. JTWC Tropical Cyclone 05P (Rewa) Best Track Analysis. United States Navy, United States Air Force. 2002-12-17 [17 August 2011].
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre. December 1993 (PDF). Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement (Australian Bureau of Meteorology). 1994, 12 (12): 3 [11 January 2012]. ISSN 1321-4233.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Hanstrum, Barry N; Smith K.J.; Bate, Peter W. The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1993–94 (PDF). Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal (Australian Bureau of Meteorology). 2 June 1996, (45): 137–147 [17 August 2011].
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center. 1994 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF). United States Navy, United States Air Force. 1995 [21 August 2011].
- ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 Tropical Cyclone Rewa (Individual Tropical Cyclone Reports). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. [15 August 2012].
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Dolan, Chris; May, Peter. Rewa: Diary of a tropical cyclone. Hazard-Wise. Emergency Management Australia. 1995: 59. ISBN 0-642-22435-8.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 引用错误：没有为名为
Wellington BT的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 9.0 9.1 Tropical Cyclone Rewa Australian region Best Track Analysis. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2007 [21 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于21 August 2011）.
- ^ Paterson, Linda A; Hanstrum, Barry N; Davidson, Noel E; Weber, Harry C. Influence of Environmental Vertical Wind Shear on the Intensity of Hurricane-Strength Tropical Cyclones in the Australian Region. Monthly Weather Review. 2005, 133 (12): 3644. doi:10.1175/MWR3041.1.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre. January 1994 (PDF). Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement (Australian Bureau of Meteorology). 1994, 13 (1): 2 [15 August 2012]. ISSN 1321-4233.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Cyclone ravages Australia. Reading Eagle. Australian Associated Press. 20 January 1994 [11 September 2011].
- ^ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee. Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. 23 May 2011 [23 May 2011].
- ^ Tropical Cyclones/Depressions that passed through Solomon Islands Region. Solomon Islands Meteorological Service. 13 September 2009 [21 September 2011]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于March 9, 2013）.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 New Caledonia Meteorological Office. Cyclone Passes Entre 1950 et 1995: Rewa. Météo-France. [12 September 2011].
- ^ 16.0 16.1 Newmann, Steve. Earthweek: a diary of the planet for the week ending 7 January 1994. The Sunday Gazette. 9 January 1994 [26 September 2011].
- ^ 17.0 17.1 引用错误：没有为名为
Vanuatu的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 18.0 18.1 January 1994 South Island Ex-tropical Cyclone Rewa. New Zealand Historic Weather Events Catalog. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. 10 March 2013 [10 March 2013]. （原始内容存档于10 March 2013）.
- ^ Terry, James P. Tropical cyclones: climatology and impacts in the South Pacific. Springer. 29 October 2007: 47. ISBN 978-0-387-71542-1.
- ^ Nine Missing In Cyclone. The Associated Press. 31 December 1993. – 通过Lexis Nexis
- ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 PNG floods: death toll eases but thousands more homeless.. The Canberra Times (National Library of Australia). 31 December 1993: 6 [26 February 2014].
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Nine missing after cyclone hits png. Xinhua News Agency. 19 January 1994. – 通过Lexis Nexis
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Floods Kill at Least 8, More than 1,000 Homeless. The Australian Associated Press. 30 December 1993. – 通过Lexis Nexis
- ^ 24.0 24.1 13 Dead in cyclone. Manila Standard. Associated Press. 21 January 1994: 17 [16 November 2014].
- ^ Beven II, John L. Tropical Cyclone Weekly Summary #126 (26 December 1993 – 2 January 1994). Florida State University. 7 January 1994 [20 September 2011].
- ^ 26.0 26.1 Smith, A. No relief near for heat-weary state. Nationwide News Pty Limited. Courier-Mail. 5 January 1994. – 通过Lexis Nexis
- ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Queensland on Cyclone Rewa alert. The Adelaide Advertiser (Nationwide News Pty Limited). 19 January 1994. – 通过Lexis Nexis
- ^ 28.0 28.1 Tom, Emma. QLD battered as cyclone eases. Sydney Morning Herald. 20 January 1994: 4. – 通过Lexis Nexis
- ^ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Callaghan, Jeff. Tropical Cyclone Impacts along the Australian east coast from November to April 1858 to 2000 (PDF). Australian Severe Weather. 12 August 2004 [20 November 2013]. （原始内容存档于31 October 2012）.
- ^ 30.0 30.1 Queensland Hydrology Section. Queensland Flood Summary 1990 – 1999. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010 [20 November 2013]. （原始内容存档于20 November 2013）.
- ^ Tom, Emma. New threat as cyclone whirls out to sea. The Age. 1994-01-21: 6 [31 July 2013]. （原始内容存档于31 July 2013）.
- ^ Attorney-General's Department. Disasters Database: Disaster Event Details: Cyclone Rewa. Australian Government. 2011-05-05 [20 November 2013]. （原始内容存档于31 October 2012）.
外部链接
| 20世纪70年代 |
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| 20世纪80年代 | |
| 20世纪90年代 | |
| 21世纪00年代 | |
| 21世纪10年代 | |
分类：
- 已除名南太平洋氣旋
- 1993–94 Australian region cyclone season
- 1993–94 South Pacific cyclone season
- Category 3 South Pacific cyclones
- Category 5 Australian region cyclones
- Cyclones in Australia
- Retired South Pacific cyclones
- Tropical cyclones in New Caledonia
- Tropical cyclones in New Zealand
- Tropical cyclones in Papua New Guinea
- Tropical cyclones in the Solomon Islands
- Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu