庫姆納龍屬:修订间差异

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庫姆納龍的[[正模標本]](編號OXFUM&nbsp;J.3303)是一個部分頭顱骨、身體骨骼,發現於[[英格蘭]][[牛津郡]]庫姆納村(Cumnor)的一處採石場,該地層屬於[[啟莫里粘土組]](Kimmeridge Clay Formation)地層。採石場工人原本把這些骨頭當作廢棄物,其中一名工人將骨頭收集、整理,交給[[牛津大學]]的解剖學家George Rolleston教授。之後化石被轉交由古動物學家[[約瑟夫·普萊斯特維奇]](Joseph Prestwich)研究。在1879年,普萊斯特維奇教授提出這些化石應該為[[禽龍|禽龍屬]]的新種,但當時並沒有建立種名<ref>{{en}}{{cite journal | last1 = Prestwich | first1 = J. | year = 1879 | title = On the discovery of a species of ''Iguanodon'' in the Kimmeridge Clay near Oxford; and a notice of a very fossiliferous band of the Shotover Sands | url = | journal = Geological Magazine, new series, decade 2 | volume = 6 | issue = 5| pages = 193–195 }}</ref>。在1880年,普萊斯特維奇教授在[[倫敦地質學會]]的期刊發現這些化石的研究<ref>{{en}}{{cite journal | last1 = Prestwich | first1 = J. | year = 1880 | title = Note on the occurrence of a new species of ''Iguanodon'' in a brickpit of the Kimmeridge Clay at Cumnor Hurst, three miles W.S.W. of Oxford | url = | journal = Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London | volume = 36 | issue = | pages = 430–432 }}</ref>。同年,[[約翰·赫克]](John Whitaker Hulke)將這個種建立種名,[[禽龍|普萊斯特維奇禽龍]](''Iguanodon prestwichii''),種名是以研究化石的普萊斯特維奇教授為名<ref>{{en}}{{cite journal | last1 = Hulke | first1 = J.W. | year = 1880 | title = ''Iguanodon prestwichii'', a new species from the Kimmeridge Clay, distinguished from ''I. mantelli'' of the Wealden Formation in the S.E. of England and Isle of Wight by differences in the shape of the vertebral centra, by fewer than five sacral vertebrae, by the simpler character of its tooth-serrature, etc., founded on numerous fossil remains lately discovered at Cumnor, near Oxford | url = | journal = Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London | volume = 36 | issue = 143| pages = 433–456 }}</ref>。
庫姆納龍的[[正模標本]](編號OXFUM&nbsp;J.3303)是一個部分頭顱骨、身體骨骼,發現於[[英格蘭]][[牛津郡]]庫姆納村(Cumnor)的一處採石場,該地層屬於[[啟莫里粘土組]](Kimmeridge Clay Formation)地層。採石場工人原本把這些骨頭當作廢棄物,其中一名工人將骨頭收集、整理,交給[[牛津大學]]的解剖學家George Rolleston教授。之後化石被轉交由古動物學家[[約瑟夫·普萊斯特維奇]](Joseph Prestwich)研究。在1879年,普萊斯特維奇教授提出這些化石應該為[[禽龍|禽龍屬]]的新種,但當時並沒有建立種名<ref>{{en}}{{cite journal | last1 = Prestwich | first1 = J. | year = 1879 | title = On the discovery of a species of ''Iguanodon'' in the Kimmeridge Clay near Oxford; and a notice of a very fossiliferous band of the Shotover Sands | url = | journal = Geological Magazine, new series, decade 2 | volume = 6 | issue = 5| pages = 193–195 }}</ref>。在1880年,普萊斯特維奇教授在[[倫敦地質學會]]的期刊發現這些化石的研究<ref>{{en}}{{cite journal | last1 = Prestwich | first1 = J. | year = 1880 | title = Note on the occurrence of a new species of ''Iguanodon'' in a brickpit of the Kimmeridge Clay at Cumnor Hurst, three miles W.S.W. of Oxford | url = | journal = Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London | volume = 36 | issue = | pages = 430–432 }}</ref>。同年,[[約翰·赫克]](John Whitaker Hulke)將這個種建立種名,[[禽龍|普萊斯特維奇禽龍]](''Iguanodon prestwichii''),種名是以研究化石的普萊斯特維奇教授為名<ref>{{en}}{{cite journal | last1 = Hulke | first1 = J.W. | year = 1880 | title = ''Iguanodon prestwichii'', a new species from the Kimmeridge Clay, distinguished from ''I. mantelli'' of the Wealden Formation in the S.E. of England and Isle of Wight by differences in the shape of the vertebral centra, by fewer than five sacral vertebrae, by the simpler character of its tooth-serrature, etc., founded on numerous fossil remains lately discovered at Cumnor, near Oxford | url = | journal = Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London | volume = 36 | issue = 143| pages = 433–456 }}</ref>。


在1888年,[[英國]]古生物學家[[哈利·絲萊]](Harry Govier Seeley)認為這些化石與禽龍有明顯差異,因此將這個種建立為新屬,[[模式種]]是'''普萊斯特維奇庫姆納龍'''(''Cumnoria prestwichii'')。屬名是以化石發現處的庫姆納村為名,但哈利·絲萊當時將種名誤植為「''prestwichi''」<ref>{{EN}}{{cite journal | last1 = Seeley | first1 = H.G. | year = 1888 | title = On ''Cumnoria'', an iguanodont genus founded upon the ''Iguanodon prestwichi'', Hulke | url = | journal = Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science | volume = 57 | issue = | page = 698 }}</ref>。但在1889年,[[理查德·萊德克]](Richard Lydekker)提出這些化石不足以成為獨立屬,而且類似在[[美國]]新發現的[[彎龍]],因此將這些化石改歸類於彎龍屬的一種,[[彎龍|普萊斯特維奇彎龍]](''Camptosaurus prestwichii'')<ref>{{EN}}{{cite journal | last1 = Lydekker | first1 = R. | year = 1889 | title = On the remains and affinities of five genera of Mesozoic reptiles | url = | journal = Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society | volume = 45 | issue = | pages = 41–59 }}</ref>。在[[20世紀]]的大部分時間,古生物學界沿用這個分類法。
在1888年,[[英國]]古生物學家[[哈利·絲萊]](Harry Govier Seeley)認為這些化石與禽龍有明顯差異,因此將這個種建立為新屬,[[模式種]]是'''普萊斯特維奇庫姆納龍'''(''Cumnoria prestwichii'')。屬名是以化石發現處的庫姆納村為名,但哈利·絲萊當時將種名誤植為「''prestwichi''」<ref>{{en}}{{cite journal | last1 = Seeley | first1 = H.G. | year = 1888 | title = On ''Cumnoria'', an iguanodont genus founded upon the ''Iguanodon prestwichi'', Hulke | url = | journal = Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science | volume = 57 | issue = | page = 698 }}</ref>。但在1889年,[[理查德·萊德克]](Richard Lydekker)提出這些化石不足以成為獨立屬,而且類似在[[美國]]新發現的[[彎龍]],因此將這些化石改歸類於彎龍屬的一種,[[彎龍|普萊斯特維奇彎龍]](''Camptosaurus prestwichii'')<ref>{{en}}{{cite journal | last1 = Lydekker | first1 = R. | year = 1889 | title = On the remains and affinities of five genera of Mesozoic reptiles | url = | journal = Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society | volume = 45 | issue = | pages = 41–59 }}</ref>。在[[20世紀]]的大部分時間,古生物學界沿用這個分類法。


直到1980年,[[彼得·加爾東]](Peter Galton)重新詳細研究這些化石<ref name="Galton">{{en}}{{cite journal | last1 = Galton | first1 = P.M. | last2 = Powell | first2 = H.P. | year = 1980 | title = The ornithischian dinosaur ''Camptosaurus prestwichii'' from the Upper Jurassic of England | url = | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 23 | issue = | pages = 411–443 }}</ref>。在1998年,[[大衛·諾曼]](David B. Norman)的[[鳥腳類]]研究提出這些化石足夠成立為個別屬<ref>{{en}}{{cite journal | last1 = Norman | first1 = D. | year = 1998 | title = On Asian ornithopods (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). 3. A new species of iguanodontid dinosaur | url = | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 122 | issue = | pages = 291–348 }}</ref>。[[德恩·奈許]](Darren Naish)與[[大衛·馬提爾]](David Martill)的英國恐龍研究歷史研究,也支持獨立屬的說法<ref>{{en}}{{cite journal | last1 = Naish | first1 = D. | last2 = Martill | first2 = D.M. | year = 2008 | title = Dinosaurs of Great Britain and the rôle of the Geological Society of London in their discovery: Ornithischia | url = | journal = Journal of the Geological Society of London | volume = 165 | issue = | pages = 613–623 }}</ref>。在2010年、2011年的兩個研究,發現庫姆納龍屬於[[禽龍類]]內部的硬棘龍類(Styracosterna)[[演化支]],位在硬棘龍類演化支的原始位置,而比彎龍還要衍化<ref name=iguanacolossus>{{en}}{{Cite journal|author=McDonald, A.T., Kirkland, J.I., DeBlieux, D.D., Madsen, S.K., Cavin, J., Milner, A.R.C. and Panzarin, L. |year=2010 |title=New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=e14075 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0014075 |pmid=21124919 |pmc=2989904}}</ref><ref name="McDonald">{{en}}{{Cite journal|author=Andrew T. McDonald |year=2011 |title=The taxonomy of species assigned to ''Camptosaurus'' (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/z02783p068f.pdf |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2783 |issue= |pages=52–68 |doi= }}</ref>。
直到1980年,[[彼得·加爾東]](Peter Galton)重新研究這些化石<ref name="Galton">{{cite journal | last1 = Galton | first1 = P.M. | last2 = Powell | first2 = H.P. | year = 1980 | title = The ornithischian dinosaur ''Camptosaurus prestwichii'' from the Upper Jurassic of England | url = | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 23 | issue = | pages = 411–443 }}</ref>。


==參考資料==
==參考資料==

2012年5月8日 (二) 11:11的版本

庫姆納龍
化石時期: 侏儸紀晚期, 啟莫里階
牛津大學自然史博物館內的骨架模型,曾先後被歸類於禽龍、彎龍
牛津大學自然史博物館內的骨架模型,曾先後被歸類於禽龍彎龍
科學分類
界: 動物界 Animalia
門: 脊索動物門 Chordata
綱: 蜥形綱 Sauropsida
超目: 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目: 鳥臀目 Ornithischia
亞目: 角足亞目 Cerapoda
下目: 鳥腳下目 Ornithopoda
禽龍類 Iguanodontia
屬: 庫姆納龍屬 Cumnoria
Seeley, 1888
  • 普萊斯特維奇庫姆納龍 C. prestwichii (Hulke, 1880) (模式種)
異名

庫姆納龍(學名:Cumnoria)是鳥腳下目禽龍類恐龍的一,是種草食性恐龍,位於禽龍類的原始位置。庫姆納龍生存於侏羅紀晚期(啟莫里階)的歐洲

發現與命名歷史

庫姆納龍的正模標本(編號OXFUM J.3303)是一個部分頭顱骨、身體骨骼,發現於英格蘭牛津郡庫姆納村(Cumnor)的一處採石場,該地層屬於啟莫里粘土組(Kimmeridge Clay Formation)地層。採石場工人原本把這些骨頭當作廢棄物,其中一名工人將骨頭收集、整理,交給牛津大學的解剖學家George Rolleston教授。之後化石被轉交由古動物學家約瑟夫·普萊斯特維奇(Joseph Prestwich)研究。在1879年,普萊斯特維奇教授提出這些化石應該為禽龍屬的新種,但當時並沒有建立種名[1]。在1880年,普萊斯特維奇教授在倫敦地質學會的期刊發現這些化石的研究[2]。同年,約翰·赫克(John Whitaker Hulke)將這個種建立種名,普萊斯特維奇禽龍Iguanodon prestwichii),種名是以研究化石的普萊斯特維奇教授為名[3]

在1888年,英國古生物學家哈利·絲萊(Harry Govier Seeley)認為這些化石與禽龍有明顯差異,因此將這個種建立為新屬,模式種普萊斯特維奇庫姆納龍Cumnoria prestwichii)。屬名是以化石發現處的庫姆納村為名,但哈利·絲萊當時將種名誤植為「prestwichi[4]。但在1889年,理查德·萊德克(Richard Lydekker)提出這些化石不足以成為獨立屬,而且類似在美國新發現的彎龍,因此將這些化石改歸類於彎龍屬的一種,普萊斯特維奇彎龍Camptosaurus prestwichii[5]。在20世紀的大部分時間,古生物學界沿用這個分類法。

直到1980年,彼得·加爾東(Peter Galton)重新詳細研究這些化石[6]。在1998年,大衛·諾曼(David B. Norman)的鳥腳類研究提出這些化石足夠成立為個別屬[7]德恩·奈許(Darren Naish)與大衛·馬提爾(David Martill)的英國恐龍研究歷史研究,也支持獨立屬的說法[8]。在2010年、2011年的兩個研究,發現庫姆納龍屬於禽龍類內部的硬棘龍類(Styracosterna)演化支,位在硬棘龍類演化支的原始位置,而比彎龍還要衍化[9][10]

參考資料

  1. ^ (英文)Prestwich, J. On the discovery of a species of Iguanodon in the Kimmeridge Clay near Oxford; and a notice of a very fossiliferous band of the Shotover Sands. Geological Magazine, new series, decade 2. 1879, 6 (5): 193–195. 
  2. ^ (英文)Prestwich, J. Note on the occurrence of a new species of Iguanodon in a brickpit of the Kimmeridge Clay at Cumnor Hurst, three miles W.S.W. of Oxford. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 1880, 36: 430–432. 
  3. ^ (英文)Hulke, J.W. Iguanodon prestwichii, a new species from the Kimmeridge Clay, distinguished from I. mantelli of the Wealden Formation in the S.E. of England and Isle of Wight by differences in the shape of the vertebral centra, by fewer than five sacral vertebrae, by the simpler character of its tooth-serrature, etc., founded on numerous fossil remains lately discovered at Cumnor, near Oxford. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 1880, 36 (143): 433–456. 
  4. ^ (英文)Seeley, H.G. On Cumnoria, an iguanodont genus founded upon the Iguanodon prestwichi, Hulke. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1888, 57: 698. 
  5. ^ (英文)Lydekker, R. On the remains and affinities of five genera of Mesozoic reptiles. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 1889, 45: 41–59. 
  6. ^ (英文)Galton, P.M.; Powell, H.P. The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England. Palaeontology. 1980, 23: 411–443. 
  7. ^ (英文)Norman, D. On Asian ornithopods (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). 3. A new species of iguanodontid dinosaur. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1998, 122: 291–348. 
  8. ^ (英文)Naish, D.; Martill, D.M. Dinosaurs of Great Britain and the rôle of the Geological Society of London in their discovery: Ornithischia. Journal of the Geological Society of London. 2008, 165: 613–623. 
  9. ^ (英文)McDonald, A.T., Kirkland, J.I., DeBlieux, D.D., Madsen, S.K., Cavin, J., Milner, A.R.C. and Panzarin, L. New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs. PLoS ONE. 2010, 5 (11): e14075. PMC 2989904可免费查阅. PMID 21124919. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075. 
  10. ^ (英文)Andrew T. McDonald. The taxonomy of species assigned to Camptosaurus (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 2783: 52–68.