海鞘纲：修订间差异
→醫學價值： 修正筆誤 |
小无编辑摘要 |
||
| 第1行： | 第1行： | ||
{{Taxobox |
{{inuse}}{{Taxobox |
||
| fossil_range={{fossil range|520|0|earliest=555|text=Cambrian "Stage 3"-today (but see text)|ref=<ref name="Fedonkin2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Fedonkin | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Vickers-Rich | first2 = P. | last3 = Swalla | first3 = B. J. | last4 = Trusler | first4 = P. | last5 = Hall | first5 = M. | title = A new metazoan from the Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians | journal = Paleontological Journal | volume = 46 | pages = 1–11 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1134/S0031030112010042 }}</ref>}} |
|||
| color = pink |
|||
| name = 海鞘綱 |
| name = 海鞘綱<br />Ascidiacea |
||
| image = |
| image = Cionaintestinalis.jpg |
||
| image_caption = ''[[Ciona intestinalis]]'' |
|||
| image_width = 250px |
|||
| image_caption = 《[[自然界的藝術形態]]》（1904年），圖版 85: Ascidiacea |
|||
| regnum = [[动物界]] Animalia |
| regnum = [[动物界]] Animalia |
||
| phylum = [[脊索动物门]] Chordata |
| phylum = [[脊索动物门]] Chordata |
||
| subphylum = [[ |
| subphylum = [[Tunicate|Tunicata]] |
||
| classis = '''海鞘纲 Ascidiacea''' |
| classis = '''海鞘纲 Ascidiacea''' |
||
| classis_authority = [[ |
| classis_authority = [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville]], 1824 |
||
| subdivision_ranks = [[目 (生物)|目]]及地位未定的[[屬]] |
| subdivision_ranks = [[目 (生物)|目]]及地位未定的[[屬]] |
||
| subdivision = |
| subdivision = |
||
*[[Aplousobranchia]] <small>Lahille 1887</small> |
|||
*[[Phlebobranchia]] <small>Lahille 1887</small> |
|||
*[[Stolidobranchia]] <small>Lahille 1886</small> |
|||
*†''[[Cheungkongella]]'' <small>Shu ''et al.'' 2001</small> |
|||
*[[Ausiidae]]? |
|||
**†''[[Ausia (animal)|Ausia]]''? |
|||
**†''[[Burykhia]]''? |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Ascidiacea''' (commonly known as the '''ascidians''' or '''sea squirts''') is a paraphyletic [[class (biology)|class]] in the [[subphylum]] [[Tunicate|Tunicata]] of sac-like [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[invertebrate]] [[filter feeders]].<ref>Gittenberger, A.; Shenkar, N.; Sanamyan, K. (2015). [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1839 Ascidiacea.] In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; Swalla, B.J.; Turon, X. (2017) Ascidiacea World Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2017-09-15</ref> Ascidians are characterized by a tough outer "tunic" made of the [[polysaccharide]] [[cellulose]]. |
|||
Ascidians are found all over the world, usually in shallow water with [[salinity|salinities]] over 2.5%. While members of the [[Thaliacea]] and [[Larvacea]] (Appendicularia) swim freely like [[plankton]], sea squirts are [[Sessility (zoology)|sessile]] animals: they remain firmly attached to their [[Substrate (marine biology)|substratum]], such as rocks and shells. |
|||
There are 2,300 species of ascidians and three main types: solitary ascidians, social ascidians that form clumped communities by attaching at their bases, and compound ascidians that consist of many small individuals (each individual is called a [[zooid]]) forming colonies up to several meters in diameter. |
|||
Sea squirts feed by taking in water through a tube, the oral siphon. The water enters the mouth and [[pharynx]], flows through mucus-covered gill slits (also called [[pharynx|pharyngeal]] [[stigmata]]) into a water chamber called the atrium, then exits through the atrial siphon. |
|||
[[File:Sea-tulip.jpg|thumb|250px|海鞘]] |
[[File:Sea-tulip.jpg|thumb|250px|海鞘]] |
||
| 第28行： | 第43行： | ||
==棲息地== |
==棲息地== |
||
由于海鞘喜欢寒冷的环境，主要生存的地区都在[[寒带]]或[[温带]]，[[热带]]地区较少并且身形也较小。 |
由于海鞘喜欢寒冷的环境，主要生存的地区都在[[寒带]]或[[温带]]，[[热带]]地区较少并且身形也较小。 |
||
==分類== |
|||
* [[无管目]] [[Aplousobranchia]]：亦作[[無管海鞘目]] |
|||
* [[扃鳃目]] [[Phlebobranchia]]：亦作[[扁鰓海鞘目]] |
|||
* [[褶鳃目]] [[Stolidobranchia]]：亦作[[褶鰓海鞘目]] |
|||
==医学价值== |
==医学价值== |
||
2018年3月24日 (六) 07:40的版本
 | 本条目正在大幅修改，持續時間「2小時」，請勿在此期間編輯。 當重大編輯結束或暫時停止編輯時，請移除本模板。您可於編輯歷史中查看添加本模板的編者。 本模板是為了避免編輯衝突，請於本次重大編輯結束後立即移除本模板，讓其他編者能繼續編輯本条目。 致其他編者：當本条目最後編輯時間（2246日8时24分13秒前，刷新）距今超逾「2小時」，請直接移除本模板即可。 |
| 海鞘綱 Ascidiacea 化石時期： | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | ||||||||
| 科學分類 | ||||||||
| ||||||||
| 目及地位未定的屬 | ||||||||
|
Ascidiacea (commonly known as the ascidians or sea squirts) is a paraphyletic class in the subphylum Tunicata of sac-like marine invertebrate filter feeders.[2] Ascidians are characterized by a tough outer "tunic" made of the polysaccharide cellulose.
Ascidians are found all over the world, usually in shallow water with salinities over 2.5%. While members of the Thaliacea and Larvacea (Appendicularia) swim freely like plankton, sea squirts are sessile animals: they remain firmly attached to their substratum, such as rocks and shells.
There are 2,300 species of ascidians and three main types: solitary ascidians, social ascidians that form clumped communities by attaching at their bases, and compound ascidians that consist of many small individuals (each individual is called a zooid) forming colonies up to several meters in diameter.
Sea squirts feed by taking in water through a tube, the oral siphon. The water enters the mouth and pharynx, flows through mucus-covered gill slits (also called pharyngeal stigmata) into a water chamber called the atrium, then exits through the atrial siphon.
海鞘（学名：Ascidiacea）是脊索动物门尾索动物亚门海鞘纲的总称，全世界大概1250种海鞘。常见的海鞘有：玻璃海鞘、有柄海鞘、拟菊海鞘等。海鞘又称海中凤梨，因形状像凤梨而得称，中国山东省沿海一带俗称海奶子。
生物特性
海鞘身体呈现壶型或囊型，其体壁即为包藏器官的外套膜（mantle），其体壁可分泌一种类似植物纤维素的被囊素（tunicin）。身体顶部有两个相距不远的孔为分别为略高的出水口和略低的入水口。海鞘是以过滤浮游生物和有机物颗粒为生。一旦遇到刺激会通过收缩挤压身体里的水向外喷出，以达到退敌的目的。
海鞘属于雌雄同体，其繁殖方式有两种。其中一种是异体受精的繁殖方式。雌体排出卵子到水中，经过异体雄体排出精子受精后，发育为受精卵。受精卵孵化成幼体后能自由活动，一旦遇到附着物便会附着在上面，开始发育。幼体的尾部逐渐消失。其主要的脊索和神经索部分器官完全消失，只保留其中的一个神经节。然后逐渐发育成熟。还有一种是同体发芽繁殖方式，海鞘成体长出新的繁殖芽，脱落后附着到新的附着物上，重新成长为新的单独个体。所以有些人误认为是植物。
海鞘具有天然的控制繁殖数量的能力[3]。海鞘为低等脊索动物，较文昌鱼是低一定进化程度的动物。
一些海鞘会附着在船体上，增加船体底部突起，降低船体的流线型，导致船速降低、燃料耗用增加。在航海者眼里并不受欢迎。
棲息地
由于海鞘喜欢寒冷的环境，主要生存的地区都在寒带或温带，热带地区较少并且身形也较小。
医学价值
在现今的研究中海鞘有许多的医学价值。 新华社引述《读卖新闻》报道，日本东北大学研究生院教授宫泽阳夫等发现，海鞘含有缩醛磷脂，能有效的治疗阿茲海默症[4]； 而時任犹他大学助理教授艾里克·施密特（Eric W. Schmidt）所领导的研究小组亦通过基因组分析证实了海鞘的一種原綠菌共生菌的一組基因能夠生成一種能治疗癌症的輪狀八胜肽[5]。 海鞘的可食用部分含有多种氨基酸、矿物元素和脂肪酸对人体有相当大的益处。
參考資料
- ^ Fedonkin, M. A.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Swalla, B. J.; Trusler, P.; Hall, M. A new metazoan from the Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians. Paleontological Journal. 2012, 46: 1–11. doi:10.1134/S0031030112010042.
- ^ Gittenberger, A.; Shenkar, N.; Sanamyan, K. (2015). Ascidiacea. In: Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira Da Rocha, R.; Swalla, B.J.; Turon, X. (2017) Ascidiacea World Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2017-09-15
- ^ 澳大利亚昆士兰州大学进行的研究报告发表在8月26日美国权威专业期刊美国《国家科学院院刊》
- ^ 钱铮. 海鞘含缩醛磷脂能治阿尔茨海默病. 2006-06-05 [2017-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-29） （中文（简体））.
- ^ 陳勇 (编). 美科学家破解海鞘共生菌生成抗癌物质的奥秘. 科学时报. 2005-05-12 [2017-10-13] （中文（简体））.
外部链接
| ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||