2A肽:修订间差异

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[[File:(zh)2A peptide Working Mechanism.jpg|thumb|2A肽功能圖解:編碼2A肽的DNA片段插入兩個蛋白的編碼區中間後,可以使肽鏈在翻譯完成後發生自剪切,分成兩個獨立摺疊的蛋白]]
[[File:(zh)2A peptide Working Mechanism.jpg|thumb|2A肽功能圖解:編碼2A肽的DNA片段插入兩個蛋白的編碼區中間後,可以使肽鏈在翻譯完成後發生自剪切,分成兩個獨立摺疊的蛋白]]
'''2A肽'''(2A self-cleaving peptides)是一類长18-22个[[氨基酸]]殘基的[[多肽|肽]]片段,能誘導細胞內的[[重組DNA|重組蛋白]]自我剪切。2A肽源自[[病毒]][[基因組]]的2A區域<ref name="LiuChen2017">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Ziqing|last2=Chen|first2=Olivia|last3=Wall|first3=J. Blake Joseph|last4=Zheng|first4=Michael|last5=Zhou|first5=Yang|last6=Wang|first6=Li|last7=Ruth Vaseghi|first7=Haley|last8=Qian|first8=Li|last9=Liu|first9=Jiandong|title=Systematic comparison of 2A peptides for cloning multi-genes in a polycistronic vector|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=7|issue=1|year=2017|issn=2045-2322|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-02460-2}}</ref><ref name="KarunaSudipto2010">{{cite book|author1=Sampath Karuna|author2=Roy Sudipto|title=Live Imaging In Zebrafish: Insights Into Development And Disease|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7LFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|date=2010-08-30|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4464-89-5|pages=51–52}}</ref>。
'''2A肽'''({{lang-en |2A self-cleaving peptides}})是一類长18-22个[[氨基酸]]殘基的[[多肽|肽]]片段,能誘導細胞內含有2A肽的[[重組DNA|重組蛋白]]自我剪切。2A肽源自[[病毒]][[基因組]]的2A區域<ref name="LiuChen2017">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Ziqing|last2=Chen|first2=Olivia|last3=Wall|first3=J. Blake Joseph|last4=Zheng|first4=Michael|last5=Zhou|first5=Yang|last6=Wang|first6=Li|last7=Ruth Vaseghi|first7=Haley|last8=Qian|first8=Li|last9=Liu|first9=Jiandong|title=Systematic comparison of 2A peptides for cloning multi-genes in a polycistronic vector|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=7|issue=1|year=2017|issn=2045-2322|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-02460-2}}</ref><ref name="KarunaSudipto2010">{{cite book|author1=Sampath Karuna|author2=Roy Sudipto|title=Live Imaging In Zebrafish: Insights Into Development And Disease|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7LFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|date=2010-08-30|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4464-89-5|pages=51–52}}</ref>。
目前一共有4種常用的2A肽:T2A、P2A、E2A、F2A。它們都是以來源的病毒命名的。例如第一種發現的2A肽F2A源於{{link-en|手足口病毒| foot-and-mouth disease virus}},而手足口病毒的英文名稱「foot-and-mouth disease virus」首字母是「F」,因此這種2A肽得名F2A<ref name="LiuChen2017"/>。
目前一共有4種常用的2A肽:T2A、P2A、E2A、F2A。它們都是以來源的病毒命名的。例如第一種發現的2A肽F2A源於{{link-en|手足口病毒| foot-and-mouth disease virus}},而手足口病毒的英文名稱「foot-and-mouth disease virus」首字母是「F」,因此這種2A肽得名F2A<ref name="LiuChen2017"/>。
==類型==
==類型==
2A肽目前一共有4種: P2A、E2A、F2A、T2A。其中F2A源於{{link-en|手足口病毒|foot-and-mouth disease virus}}(Foot-and-mouth disease virus)、E2A源於馬甲型鼻炎病毒(Equine rhinitis A virus)、P2A源於{{link-en|豬捷申病毒|Porcine teschovirus}}(Porcine teschovirus)、T2A源於明脉扁刺蛾病毒(thosea asigna virus)<ref name="LiuChen2017"/>。
2A肽目前一共有4種: P2A、E2A、F2A、T2A。其中F2A源於{{link-en|手足口病毒|foot-and-mouth disease virus}}(Foot-and-mouth disease virus)、E2A源於馬甲型鼻炎病毒(Equine rhinitis A virus)、P2A源於{{link-en|豬捷申病毒|Porcine teschovirus}}({{lang|en|Porcine teschovirus}})、T2A源於明脉扁刺蛾病毒({{lang|en|Thosea asigna virus}})<ref name="LiuChen2017"/>。
下表羅列了四種2A肽的序列。雖然對2A肽的功能而言不是必要條件,在2A肽序列的[[N端]]加上一個GSG(Gly-Ser-Gly,[[甘氨酸]]、[[絲氨酸]]、甘氨酸)序列能提高2A肽誘導剪切的效率<ref>{{Cite paper |title=High cleavage efficiency of a 2A peptide derived from porcine teschovirus-1 in human cell lines, zebrafish and mice |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21602908 |last=Kim |first=Jin Hee |last2=Lee |first2=Sang-Rok |date=2011 |journal=PloS One |issue=4 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018556 |volume=6 |pages=e18556 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3084703 |pmid=21602908 |last3=Li |first3=Li-Hua |last4=Park |first4=Hye-Jeong |last5=Park |first5=Jeong-Hoh |last6=Lee |first6=Kwang Youl |last7=Kim |first7=Myeong-Kyu |last8=Shin |first8=Boo Ahn |last9=Choi |first9=Seok-Yong}}</ref>。
下表羅列了四種2A肽的序列。根據需要可以在2A肽序列的[[N端]]加上一個GSG(Gly-Ser-Gly,[[甘氨酸]]、[[絲氨酸]]、甘氨酸)序列<ref name="Szymczak-WorkmanVignali2012"/>。
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==描述==
==描述==
2A肽誘導的肽剪切發生在[[轉譯]]完成之後。2A肽[[C端]][[脯氨酸]](P)和[[穀氨酸]](G)之間的[[肽鍵]]發生斷裂,使多肽剪切爲兩段。2A肽誘導的剪切效率較高,部分情況下,剪切效率可以達到接近100%。但目前尚不清楚這一過程具體的分子機制<ref name="WangWang2015">{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Yuancheng|last2=Wang|first2=Feng|last3=Wang|first3=Riyuan|last4=Zhao|first4=Ping|last5=Xia|first5=Qingyou|title=2A self-cleaving peptide-based multi-gene expression system in the silkworm Bombyx mori|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=5|issue=1|year=2015|issn=2045-2322|doi=10.1038/srep16273}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/ryanlab/page2.htm|title=Cleavage Activity of Aphtho- and Cardiovirus 2A Oligopeptidic Sequences.|publisher=University of St Andrews|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230094902/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/ryanlab/page2.htm|archive-date=2016-12-30|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
2A肽誘導的肽剪切發生在[[轉譯]]完成之後。2A肽[[C端]][[脯氨酸]](P)和[[穀氨酸]](G)之間的[[肽鍵]]發生斷裂,使多肽剪切爲兩段。2A肽誘導的剪切效率較高,部分情況下,剪切效率可以達到接近100%。現有證據支持[[轉譯]]時2A肽會誘使[[核糖體]]在合成至2A肽中斷裂處的穀氨酸時,提早將前半段已合成的[[肽|肽鏈]]放出,從而以2A肽為界形成二段多肽<ref>{{Cite paper |title=Analysis of the aphthovirus 2A/2B polyprotein ‘cleavage’ mechanism indicates not a proteolytic reaction, but a novel translational effect: a putative ribosomal ‘skip’ |url=https://jgv.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-82-5-1013 |last=Donnelly |first=Michelle L. L. |last2=Luke |first2=Garry |date=2001 |journal=Journal of General Virology |issue=5 |doi=10.1099/0022-1317-82-5-1013 |volume=82 |pages=1013–1025 |last3=Mehrotra |first3=Amit |last4=Li |first4=Xuejun |last5=Hughes |first5=Lorraine E. |last6=Gani |first6=David |last7=Ryan |first7=Martin D.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.intechopen.com/books/innovations-in-biotechnology/translating-2a-research-into-practice |title=Translating 2A Research Into Practice |last=Luke |first=Garry A. |date=2012 |publisher=Innovations in Biotechnology |isbn=9789535100966 |editor-last=Agbo |editor-first=Eddy C. |location=Rijeka, Croatia |oclc=908264698}}</ref>,但目前尚不完全清楚這一過程具體的分子機制<ref name="WangWang2015">{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Yuancheng|last2=Wang|first2=Feng|last3=Wang|first3=Riyuan|last4=Zhao|first4=Ping|last5=Xia|first5=Qingyou|title=2A self-cleaving peptide-based multi-gene expression system in the silkworm Bombyx mori|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=5|issue=1|year=2015|issn=2045-2322|doi=10.1038/srep16273}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/ryanlab/page2.htm|title=Cleavage Activity of Aphtho- and Cardiovirus 2A Oligopeptidic Sequences.|publisher=University of St Andrews|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230094902/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/ryanlab/page2.htm|archive-date=2016-12-30|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
==應用==
==應用==
在[[基因工程]]中,2A肽可令一個[[開放閱讀框|開放讀框]](ORF)轉譯出的肽鏈分爲個獨立的肽鏈。如果需要令兩個蛋白分開表達(例如需要一個蛋白進入[[細胞核]]、另一個蛋白在[[細胞質]]中表達),又希望只在[[運載體|載體]]上構建一個開放讀框,可在它們的編碼區中插入一段2A肽序列。除此之外,如果兩個蛋白融合後,融合蛋白沒有功能,可以在兩個蛋白的編碼區中間插入一段編碼2A肽的序列,或將連結肽更換爲2A肽,使轉譯完成後兩個蛋白分開,獨立進行摺疊。這樣做有很大機會使兩個蛋白恢復功能<ref name="Szymczak-WorkmanVignali2012">{{cite journal|last1=Szymczak-Workman|first1=A. L.|last2=Vignali|first2=K. M.|last3=Vignali|first3=D. A. A.|title=Design and Construction of 2A Peptide-Linked Multicistronic Vectors|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Protocols|volume=2012|issue=2|year=2012|pages=pdb.ip067876–pdb.ip067876|issn=1559-6095|doi=10.1101/pdb.ip067876}}</ref>。
在[[基因工程]]中,2A肽可令一個[[開放閱讀框|開放讀框]](ORF)轉譯出的肽鏈分爲個獨立的肽鏈。如果需要令兩個蛋白分開表達(例如需要一個蛋白進入[[細胞核]]、另一個蛋白在[[細胞質]]中表達),又希望只在[[運載體|載體]]上構建一個開放讀框,可在它們的編碼區中插入一段2A肽序列。除此之外,如果兩個蛋白融合後,融合蛋白沒有功能,可以在兩個蛋白的編碼區中間插入一段編碼2A肽的序列,或將連結肽更換爲2A肽,使轉譯完成後兩個蛋白分開,獨立進行摺疊。這樣做有很大機會使兩個蛋白恢復功能<ref name="Szymczak-WorkmanVignali2012">{{cite journal|last1=Szymczak-Workman|first1=A. L.|last2=Vignali|first2=K. M.|last3=Vignali|first3=D. A. A.|title=Design and Construction of 2A Peptide-Linked Multicistronic Vectors|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Protocols|volume=2012|issue=2|year=2012|pages=pdb.ip067876–pdb.ip067876|issn=1559-6095|doi=10.1101/pdb.ip067876}}</ref>。
[[内部核糖体进入位点|IRES]]同樣可以從一個開放讀框翻譯出兩個肽鏈<ref>{{Cite paper |title=Polycistronic mRNAs and internal ribosome entry site elements (IRES) are widely used by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) structural protein genes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682209001251 |date=2009-05-10 |journal=Virology |issue=2 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2009.02.012 |volume=387 |pages=353–363 |language=en |issn=0042-6822}}</ref>,但其特性略有不同:由IRES分隔的兩段肽鏈雖在同一個[[信使核糖核酸|轉錄本]]上,但因它們各自獨立轉譯,合成的肽鏈不會包含IRES序列;另外在IRES上游的肽鏈表現效率高於位在下游的肽鏈<ref name="2a-ires" />。相對而言,2A肽本身的序列在剪切後仍然分別存在於上下游的二個產物肽鏈,在表現效率上,2A肽鏈上下游的肽鏈表現量相近<ref name = "2a-ires">{{Cite paper |title=Comparison of IRES and F2A-Based Locus-Specific Multicistronic Expression in Stable Mouse Lines |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0028885 |last=Lufkin |first=Thomas |last2=Lim |first2=Siew Lan |date=2011-12-21 |journal=PLOS ONE |issue=12 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0028885 |volume=6 |pages=e28885 |language=en |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3244433 |pmid=22216134 |last3=Ng |first3=Patricia |last4=Yap |first4=Sook Peng |last5=Kraus |first5=Petra |last6=Xing |first6=Xing |last7=V |first7=Sivakamasundari |last8=Chan |first8=Hsiao Yun}}</ref>。搭配使用2A肽與IRES或是使用多個2A肽均可以在一個開放讀框中表達多個重組蛋白<ref>{{Cite paper |title=Reprogramming Factor Stoichiometry Influences the Epigenetic State and Biological Properties of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells |url=https://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/abstract/S1934-5909(11)00531-5 |last=Jaenisch |first=Rudolf |last2=Gao |first2=Qing |date=2011-12-02 |journal=Cell Stem Cell |issue=6 |doi=10.1016/j.stem.2011.11.003 |volume=9 |pages=588–598 |language=English |issn=1875-9777 |pmid=22136932 |last3=Welstead |first3=G. Grant |last4=Creyghton |first4=Menno P. |last5=Cassady |first5=John P. |last6=Steine |first6=Eveline J. |last7=Ganz |first7=Kibibi |last8=Kim |first8=Jongpil |last9=Buganim |first9=Yosef}}</ref>。
除此之外,2A肽與[[内部核糖体进入位点|IRES]]合用可以將一個開放讀框翻譯出的肽鏈分成三個獨立的肽鏈<ref name="LiuChen2017"/>。
==參見==
==參見==

2019年1月6日 (日) 21:24的版本

2A肽功能圖解:編碼2A肽的DNA片段插入兩個蛋白的編碼區中間後,可以使肽鏈在翻譯完成後發生自剪切,分成兩個獨立摺疊的蛋白

2A肽(英語:2A self-cleaving peptides)是一類长18-22个氨基酸殘基的片段,能誘導細胞內含有2A肽的重組蛋白自我剪切。2A肽源自病毒基因組的2A區域[1][2]

目前一共有4種常用的2A肽:T2A、P2A、E2A、F2A。它們都是以來源的病毒命名的。例如第一種發現的2A肽F2A源於手足口病毒英语foot-and-mouth disease virus,而手足口病毒的英文名稱「foot-and-mouth disease virus」首字母是「F」,因此這種2A肽得名F2A[1]

類型

2A肽目前一共有4種: P2A、E2A、F2A、T2A。其中F2A源於手足口病毒英语foot-and-mouth disease virus(Foot-and-mouth disease virus)、E2A源於馬甲型鼻炎病毒(Equine rhinitis A virus)、P2A源於豬捷申病毒英语Porcine teschovirusPorcine teschovirus)、T2A源於明脉扁刺蛾病毒(Thosea asigna virus[1]

下表羅列了四種2A肽的序列。雖然對2A肽的功能而言不是必要條件,在2A肽序列的N端加上一個GSG(Gly-Ser-Gly,甘氨酸絲氨酸、甘氨酸)序列能提高2A肽誘導剪切的效率[3]

種類 序列
T2A (GSG) E G R G S L L T C G D V E E N P G P
P2A (GSG) A T N F S L L K Q A G D V E E N P G P
E2A (GSG) Q C T N Y A L L K L A G D V E S N P G P
F2A (GSG) V K Q T L N F D L L K L A G D V E S N P G P

描述

2A肽誘導的肽剪切發生在轉譯完成之後。2A肽C端脯氨酸(P)和穀氨酸(G)之間的肽鍵發生斷裂,使多肽剪切爲兩段。2A肽誘導的剪切效率較高,部分情況下,剪切效率可以達到接近100%。現有證據支持轉譯時2A肽會誘使核糖體在合成至2A肽中斷裂處的穀氨酸時,提早將前半段已合成的肽鏈放出,從而以2A肽為界形成二段多肽[4][5],但目前尚不完全清楚這一過程具體的分子機制[6][7]

應用

基因工程中,2A肽可令一個開放讀框(ORF)轉譯出的肽鏈分爲數個獨立的肽鏈。如果需要令兩個蛋白分開表達(例如需要一個蛋白進入細胞核、另一個蛋白在細胞質中表達),又希望只在載體上構建一個開放讀框,可在它們的編碼區中插入一段2A肽序列。除此之外,如果兩個蛋白融合後,融合蛋白沒有功能,可以在兩個蛋白的編碼區中間插入一段編碼2A肽的序列,或將連結肽更換爲2A肽,使轉譯完成後兩個蛋白分開,獨立進行摺疊。這樣做有很大機會使兩個蛋白恢復功能[8]

IRES同樣可以從一個開放讀框翻譯出兩個肽鏈[9],但其特性略有不同:由IRES分隔的兩段肽鏈雖在同一個轉錄本上,但因它們各自獨立轉譯,合成的肽鏈不會包含IRES序列;另外在IRES上游的肽鏈表現效率高於位在下游的肽鏈[10]。相對而言,2A肽本身的序列在剪切後仍然分別存在於上下游的二個產物肽鏈,在表現效率上,2A肽鏈上下游的肽鏈表現量相近[10]。搭配使用2A肽與IRES或是使用多個2A肽均可以在一個開放讀框中表達多個重組蛋白[11]

參見

參考

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Liu, Ziqing; Chen, Olivia; Wall, J. Blake Joseph; Zheng, Michael; Zhou, Yang; Wang, Li; Ruth Vaseghi, Haley; Qian, Li; Liu, Jiandong. Systematic comparison of 2A peptides for cloning multi-genes in a polycistronic vector. Scientific Reports. 2017, 7 (1). ISSN 2045-2322. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02460-2. 
  2. ^ Sampath Karuna; Roy Sudipto. Live Imaging In Zebrafish: Insights Into Development And Disease. World Scientific. 2010-08-30: 51–52. ISBN 978-981-4464-89-5. 
  3. ^ Kim, Jin Hee; Lee, Sang-Rok; Li, Li-Hua; Park, Hye-Jeong; Park, Jeong-Hoh; Lee, Kwang Youl; Kim, Myeong-Kyu; Shin, Boo Ahn; Choi, Seok-Yong. High cleavage efficiency of a 2A peptide derived from porcine teschovirus-1 in human cell lines, zebrafish and mice. PloS One. 2011, 6 (4): e18556. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3084703可免费查阅. PMID 21602908. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018556. 
  4. ^ Donnelly, Michelle L. L.; Luke, Garry; Mehrotra, Amit; Li, Xuejun; Hughes, Lorraine E.; Gani, David; Ryan, Martin D. Analysis of the aphthovirus 2A/2B polyprotein ‘cleavage’ mechanism indicates not a proteolytic reaction, but a novel translational effect: a putative ribosomal ‘skip’. Journal of General Virology. 2001, 82 (5): 1013–1025. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-82-5-1013. 
  5. ^ Luke, Garry A. Agbo, Eddy C. , 编. Translating 2A Research Into Practice. Rijeka, Croatia: Innovations in Biotechnology. 2012. ISBN 9789535100966. OCLC 908264698. 
  6. ^ Wang, Yuancheng; Wang, Feng; Wang, Riyuan; Zhao, Ping; Xia, Qingyou. 2A self-cleaving peptide-based multi-gene expression system in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Scientific Reports. 2015, 5 (1). ISSN 2045-2322. doi:10.1038/srep16273. 
  7. ^ Cleavage Activity of Aphtho- and Cardiovirus 2A Oligopeptidic Sequences.. University of St Andrews. [2019-01-05]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-30). 
  8. ^ Szymczak-Workman, A. L.; Vignali, K. M.; Vignali, D. A. A. Design and Construction of 2A Peptide-Linked Multicistronic Vectors. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2012, 2012 (2): pdb.ip067876–pdb.ip067876. ISSN 1559-6095. doi:10.1101/pdb.ip067876. 
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