嵌合抗原受體T細胞:修订间差异

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制造完成后,该细胞将最终被输入患者体内用于治疗。一般患者在此之前将会进行淋巴灭活化[[化学疗法|化疗]]<ref name="Hartmann2017"/>。该过程将通过减少白细胞数量从而减少体内的资源竞争,并由此增加产生的细胞因子从而扩增体内的嵌合抗原受体T细胞<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Muranski P, Boni A, Wrzesinski C, Citrin DE, Rosenberg SA, Childs R, Restifo NP | title = Increased intensity lymphodepletion and adoptive immunotherapy--how far can we go? | journal = Nature Clinical Practice. Oncology | volume = 3 | issue = 12 | pages = 668–681 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17139318 | pmc = 1773008 | doi = 10.1038/ncponc0666 }}</ref>。
制造完成后,该细胞将最终被输入患者体内用于治疗。一般患者在此之前将会进行淋巴灭活化[[化学疗法|化疗]]<ref name="Hartmann2017"/>。该过程将通过减少白细胞数量从而减少体内的资源竞争,并由此增加产生的细胞因子从而扩增体内的嵌合抗原受体T细胞<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Muranski P, Boni A, Wrzesinski C, Citrin DE, Rosenberg SA, Childs R, Restifo NP | title = Increased intensity lymphodepletion and adoptive immunotherapy--how far can we go? | journal = Nature Clinical Practice. Oncology | volume = 3 | issue = 12 | pages = 668–681 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17139318 | pmc = 1773008 | doi = 10.1038/ncponc0666 }}</ref>。

==临床应用==

截至2019年3月,全球有大约进行着364个涉及嵌合抗原受体T细胞的临床试验,其中大部分实验所对抗的都是血液癌<ref name="Yu2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Xin Yu J, Hubbard-Lucey VM, Tang J | title = The global pipeline of cell therapies for cancer | journal = Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery | volume = 18 | issue = 11 | pages = 821–822 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31673124 | doi = 10.1038/d41573-019-00090-z | s2cid = 190862546 }}</ref> The majority of those trials target blood cancers: CAR T therapies account for more than half of all trials for hematological malignancies.<ref name="Yu2019" />。目前,这些实验最常以CD19作为抗原靶点<ref>Brudno and Kochenderfer. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies for lymphoma. ''Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology''. 2018. 15: 31-46.</ref>,其次是BCMA(该抗原经常在[[多发性骨髓瘤]]中表达)<ref name="Yu2019" /><ref>Mikkilineni and Kochenderfer. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies for multiple myeloma. ''Blood''. 2017. 130: 2594-602</ref> ,并于2016年开始进行了对其他如CD20的抗原的可行性研究<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Almåsbak H, Aarvak T, Vemuri MC | title = CAR T Cell Therapy: A Game Changer in Cancer Treatment | journal = Journal of Immunology Research | volume = 2016 | pages = 5474602 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27298832 | pmc = 4889848 | doi = 10.1155/2016/5474602 | doi-access = free }}</ref> 。此外,虽然嵌合抗原受体T细胞被多次用于对抗白血病等非实体肿瘤等研究中,该细胞并未主导对抗实体肿瘤的治疗。这些实验中大约有一半的细胞疗法涉及其他载体(如[[自然杀伤细胞]])<ref name="Yu2019" />。

===癌症===

经过基因改造使T细胞可以表达针对患者癌细胞抗原的嵌合抗原受体,并能在被输入患者体内后杀死癌细胞<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jacobson CA, Ritz J | title = Time to put the CAR-T before the horse | journal = Blood | volume = 118 | issue = 18 | pages = 4761–4762 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 22053170 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2011-09-376137 | doi-access = free }}</ref>。该疗法因为T细胞能被设计成针对几乎任何肿瘤的多用性而被视为一种有前景的抗癌治疗方法<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Nan |last2=Spetz |first2=Madeline R. |last3=Li |first3=Dan |last4=Ho |first4=Mitchell |date=July 2021 |title=Advances in immunotherapeutic targets for childhood cancers: A focus on glypican-2 and B7-H3 |journal=Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume=223 |pages=107892 |doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107892 |issn=1879-016X |pmc=8202769 |pmid=33992682}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Dan |last2=Lin |first2=Shaoli |last3=Hong |first3=Jessica |last4=Ho |first4=Mitchell |date=2022 |title=Immunotherapy for hepatobiliary cancers: Emerging targets and translational advances |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35961708 |journal=Advances in Cancer Research |volume=156 |pages=415–449 |doi=10.1016/bs.acr.2022.01.013 |issn=2162-5557 |pmid=35961708|isbn=9780323983921 |s2cid=246978004 }}</ref>。

早期CAR T细胞的研究主要集中在血液癌上。首次获批的治疗方法使用了针对CD19(一种存在于如急性淋巴细胞性白血病,[[弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤]]等B细胞癌症的抗原)的受体<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kochenderfer JN, Wilson WH, Janik JE, Dudley ME, Stetler-Stevenson M, Feldman SA, Maric I, Raffeld M, Nathan DA, Lanier BJ, Morgan RA, Rosenberg SA | display-authors = 6 | title = Eradication of B-lineage cells and regression of lymphoma in a patient treated with autologous T cells genetically engineered to recognize CD19 | journal = Blood | volume = 116 | issue = 20 | pages = 4099–4102 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20668228 | pmc = 2993617 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2010-04-281931 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kochenderfer JN, Dudley ME, Kassim SH, Somerville RP, Carpenter RO, Stetler-Stevenson M, Yang JC, Phan GQ, Hughes MS, Sherry RM, Raffeld M, Feldman S, Lu L, Li YF, Ngo LT, Goy A, Feldman T, Spaner DE, Wang ML, Chen CC, Kranick SM, Nath A, Nathan DA, Morton KE, Toomey MA, Rosenberg SA | display-authors = 6 | title = Chemotherapy-refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and indolent B-cell malignancies can be effectively treated with autologous T cells expressing an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor | journal = Journal of Clinical Oncology | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 540–549 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25154820 | pmc = 4322257 | doi = 10.1200/JCO.2014.56.2025 }}</ref> 。目前各项研究正在尝试使嵌合抗原受体针对其他血液癌抗原,包括[[霍奇金淋巴瘤]]中的CD30、急性髓系白血病中的CD33、CD123和FLT3,以及多发性骨髓瘤中的BCMA<ref name="Schultz2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schultz L, Mackall C | title = Driving CAR T cell translation forward | journal = Science Translational Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 481 | pages = eaaw2127 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30814337 | doi = 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw2127 | doi-access = free }}</ref>。

相对非实体肿瘤,实体肿瘤是一个更难攻击的目标<ref name="Lim2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lim WA, June CH | title = The Principles of Engineering Immune Cells to Treat Cancer | journal = Cell | volume = 168 | issue = 4 | pages = 724–740 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28187291 | pmc = 5553442 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.016 }}</ref> 。首先,找到好的实体肿瘤抗原较为困难,因为这些抗原必须在大多数癌细胞上高度表达,并几乎不存在于正常组织中<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Nan |last2=Fu |first2=Haiying |last3=Hewitt |first3=Stephen M. |last4=Dimitrov |first4=Dimiter S. |last5=Ho |first5=Mitchell |date=2017-08-08 |title=Therapeutically targeting glypican-2 via single-domain antibody-based chimeric antigen receptors and immunotoxins in neuroblastoma |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=114 |issue=32 |pages=E6623–E6631 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1706055114 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=5559039 |pmid=28739923|bibcode=2017PNAS..114E6623L |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Nan |last2=Torres |first2=Madeline B. |last3=Spetz |first3=Madeline R. |last4=Wang |first4=Ruixue |last5=Peng |first5=Luyi |last6=Tian |first6=Meijie |last7=Dower |first7=Christopher M. |last8=Nguyen |first8=Rosa |last9=Sun |first9=Ming |last10=Tai |first10=Chin-Hsien |last11=de Val |first11=Natalia |last12=Cachau |first12=Raul |last13=Wu |first13=Xiaolin |last14=Hewitt |first14=Stephen M. |last15=Kaplan |first15=Rosandra N. |date=2021-06-15 |title=CAR T cells targeting tumor-associated exons of glypican 2 regress neuroblastoma in mice|journal=Cell Reports. Medicine |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=100297 |doi=10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100297 |issn=2666-3791 |pmc=8233664 |pmid=34195677}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Dan |last2=Lin |first2=Shaoli |last3=Hong |first3=Jessica |last4=Ho |first4=Mitchell |date=2022 |title=Immunotherapy for hepatobiliary cancers: Emerging targets and translational advances |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35961708 |journal=Advances in Cancer Research |volume=156 |pages=415–449 |doi=10.1016/bs.acr.2022.01.013 |issn=2162-5557 |pmid=35961708|isbn=9780323983921 |s2cid=246978004 }}</ref>。而嵌合抗原受体T细胞也无法有效地进入实体肿瘤的中心,并会被其微环境抑制活性<ref name="Schultz2019" />。

===自身免疫性疾病===

虽然大多数自身免疫性疾病T细胞研究致力于创造可以消灭特定细胞群体的T细胞,但该技术还有其他潜在用途。用于嵌合抗原受体的[[调节T细胞]]具有特定抗原的耐受性,并在器官移植或像[[全身性红斑狼疮|红斑狼疮]]这样的风湿性疾病中起到作用<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Q, Lu W, Liang CL, Chen Y, Liu H, Qiu F, Dai Z | title = Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Treg: A Promising Approach to Inducing Immunological Tolerance | journal = Frontiers in Immunology | volume = 9 | pages = 2359 | year = 2018 | pmid = 30369931 | pmc = 6194362 | doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02359 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mougiakakos D, Krönke G, Völkl S, Kretschmann S, Aigner M, Kharboutli S, Böltz S, Manger B, Mackensen A, Schett G | display-authors = 6 | title = CD19-Targeted CAR T Cells in Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 385 | issue = 6 | pages = 567–569 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34347960 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMc2107725 | s2cid = 236927691 | doi-access = free }}</ref>。


== 参考文献 ==
== 参考文献 ==

2023年10月19日 (四) 04:27的版本

图示嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法流程,包括该细胞的制造以及使用:
1.从患者血液内分离T细胞(标识为t)。
2.为T细胞引入具有嵌合抗原受体(表示为c)编码的基因。
3.经过改造的T细胞现以可对特定的抗原做出反应。
4.在组织培养中扩增经过改造的T细胞。
5.为患者输入增经过改造的T细胞。

嵌合抗原受体T细胞(英文:chimeric antigen receptor T cells, 缩写:CAR T cells),是一种通过基因改造从而获得靶向特定抗原能力的T细胞。这些细胞之所谓”嵌合",是因为该细胞的受体集识别抗原功能与T细胞活化功能于一体。

该细胞通常被用于嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法(又名嵌合抗原受体T免疫疗法),即通过改造T细胞从而使其可以识别并有效地摧毁癌细胞来治疗癌症。科学家们会先从人体内提取T细胞,通过基因改造使其拥有嵌合抗原受体,并最终将其输入患者体内以攻击他们的肿瘤[1]

在嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法中,原始的T细胞可以来源于患者本人(自体)或他人(异体)的血液。从人体中分离T细胞后,科学家们会以经过改造的慢病毒为载体对其进行基因改造,从而使其表达特定的嵌合抗原受体。该通过改造的受体则只会针对肿瘤细胞表面的抗原而无视健康的细胞,从而保证安全性[2]

在患者体内,当嵌合抗原受体T细胞表面的受体于目标抗原接触时,其会与之结合并被激活,同时通过自身的增殖,增加其自身的细胞毒素,以及分泌因子(细胞因子白细胞介素、以及生长因子)等方式来摧毁癌细胞[3][4]

此外,嵌合抗原受体T细胞的表面还可携带CD4CD8两种辅助受体,从而使之变为具有不同细胞毒素的CD4+ T细胞或CD8+ T细胞。而且由于该两种细胞的细胞毒素具有互相效应,在治疗中采用1:1的细胞类型比例可提供协同对抗肿瘤的效果[5]

嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法有一定副作用,包括细胞因子释放综合症、神经毒性、攻击一些拥有目标抗原的正常细胞等[3][6]。并且由于目前此疗法相对较新,关于其包括患者长期生存以及女性患者可能出现的妊娠并发症的长期效果数据相对较少[7]

相关历史

1987年,日本的桑名义久(Yoshihisa Kuwana)等人在藤田医科大学和协和药品工业株式会社首次描述了含有抗体T细胞受体的嵌合受体[8]。1989年,以色列的吉迪恩·格罗斯(Gideon Gross)与泽利格·艾沙尔 (Zelig Eshhar)[9][10]魏茨曼科学研究学院也独立地进行了类似研究[11] 。这些早期的研究集成了抗体与多种抗原结合的能力于TCR-αTCR-β蛋白的恒定区,并称其为“T体”(T-bodies)[12]

1991年,加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校的阿瑟·韦斯(Arthur Weiss)证实了包含CD3ζ胞内信号域的嵌合受体可以激活T细胞信号传导[13] 。这项研究促使了将CD3ζ胞内域与类似抗体的胞外域(通常是单链抗体域)以及如CD4受体的蛋白质结合起来。该细胞随后被称为第一代嵌合抗原受体T细胞[14][15]

第一代嵌合抗原受体T细胞包含了CD4胞外域和CD3ζ胞内域,并由生物技术公司Cell Genesys在1990年代中期展开该细胞的第一项临床试验。该试验尝试使移植的T细胞靶向HIV细胞,但最终结果并没有呈现出任何临床改善[14] 。其它类似的早期使用第一代嵌合抗原受体T细胞来靶向实体肿瘤的临床试验均未保证移植的T细胞的长期持久性,也并没有显著地缓解癌症[16]

在21世纪初,科学家向第一代嵌合抗原受体T细胞的CD3ζ细胞内区域添加了如CD28或4-1BB的共刺激域,并称其为第二代嵌合抗原受体T细胞。该构造在临床前模型中表现出了更好的持久性以及清除肿瘤的效果[17] 。在2010年代初,美国国家癌症研究所(NCI)、宾夕法尼亚大学纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心使用了第二代CAR来靶向CD19(一种正常B细胞以及B细胞白血病和淋巴瘤中表达的蛋白质)。此研究展现了嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法的临床疗效,并在许多经过重度预处理的患者中实现了完全缓解癌症[16] 。而这些试验最终导致了美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)在2017年首次批准了诺华制药公司的司利弗明(tisagenlecleucel,又名Kymriah)与Kite Pharma公司的阿基仑赛(axicabtagene ciloleucel,又名Yescarta)两种基于嵌合抗原受体T细胞的药品。而如今已有六种FDA批准的嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法[18]

制造及使用过程

生产嵌合抗原受体T细胞的第一步是从人体血液中分离T细胞。其一般可通过患者自身(自体)或健康捐献者的血液(异体)制造。

不论血液来源,接下来都会通过血细胞分离器进行白细胞分离,并从中收集外周血单个核细胞[19][20] 。这些产物将随后被转移至细胞处理中心。在此,特定的T细胞会被细胞因子白介素2(IL-2),抗CD3/CD28抗体,抗CD3抗体等物刺激,以便其能迅速增殖[21] [20]

经过扩增的T细胞经过净化后,科学家将通过逆转录病毒载体(通常为γ-逆转录病毒慢病毒)向其转导编有嵌合抗原受体的基因[20]。由于现代技术已可删除部分U3区,这些载体如今非常安全[22]。此外,最新的基因编辑工具CRISPR/Cas9最近也已被用来代替逆转录病毒载体[23]

制造完成后,该细胞将最终被输入患者体内用于治疗。一般患者在此之前将会进行淋巴灭活化化疗[3]。该过程将通过减少白细胞数量从而减少体内的资源竞争,并由此增加产生的细胞因子从而扩增体内的嵌合抗原受体T细胞[24]

临床应用

截至2019年3月,全球有大约进行着364个涉及嵌合抗原受体T细胞的临床试验,其中大部分实验所对抗的都是血液癌[25] The majority of those trials target blood cancers: CAR T therapies account for more than half of all trials for hematological malignancies.[25]。目前,这些实验最常以CD19作为抗原靶点[26],其次是BCMA(该抗原经常在多发性骨髓瘤中表达)[25][27] ,并于2016年开始进行了对其他如CD20的抗原的可行性研究[28] 。此外,虽然嵌合抗原受体T细胞被多次用于对抗白血病等非实体肿瘤等研究中,该细胞并未主导对抗实体肿瘤的治疗。这些实验中大约有一半的细胞疗法涉及其他载体(如自然杀伤细胞[25]

癌症

经过基因改造使T细胞可以表达针对患者癌细胞抗原的嵌合抗原受体,并能在被输入患者体内后杀死癌细胞[29]。该疗法因为T细胞能被设计成针对几乎任何肿瘤的多用性而被视为一种有前景的抗癌治疗方法[30][31]

早期CAR T细胞的研究主要集中在血液癌上。首次获批的治疗方法使用了针对CD19(一种存在于如急性淋巴细胞性白血病,弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤等B细胞癌症的抗原)的受体[32][33] 。目前各项研究正在尝试使嵌合抗原受体针对其他血液癌抗原,包括霍奇金淋巴瘤中的CD30、急性髓系白血病中的CD33、CD123和FLT3,以及多发性骨髓瘤中的BCMA[34]

相对非实体肿瘤,实体肿瘤是一个更难攻击的目标[35] 。首先,找到好的实体肿瘤抗原较为困难,因为这些抗原必须在大多数癌细胞上高度表达,并几乎不存在于正常组织中[36][37][38][39]。而嵌合抗原受体T细胞也无法有效地进入实体肿瘤的中心,并会被其微环境抑制活性[34]

自身免疫性疾病

虽然大多数自身免疫性疾病T细胞研究致力于创造可以消灭特定细胞群体的T细胞,但该技术还有其他潜在用途。用于嵌合抗原受体的调节T细胞具有特定抗原的耐受性,并在器官移植或像红斑狼疮这样的风湿性疾病中起到作用[40][41]

参考文献

  1. ^ Fox, Maggie. New Gene Therapy for Cancer Offers Hope to Those With No Options Left. NBC News. July 12, 2017 [2019-05-03]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-23). 
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