冬大蚊科

冬大蚊科; 化石时期：侏羅紀早期至今，>191–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 分子鐘推定最近共祖出現於三疊紀中後期
	冬大蚊屬未定種 Trichocera sp.
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	昆虫纲 Insecta
目：	雙翅目 Diptera
亚目：	長角亞目 Nematocera
下目：	大蚊下目 Tipulomorpha
总科：	冬大蚊总科 Trichoceroidea; Hennig, 1973
科：	冬大蚊科 Trichoceridae; Rondani（英语：Camillo Rondani）, 1841
模式属
	冬大蚊属; Trichocera; Meigen（英语：Johann Wilhelm Meigen）, 1803
	冬大蚊科物種的大略分布範圍

冬大蚊科（学名：Trichoceridae），又名毫蚊科，为双翅目長角亞目大蚊下目^[3]冬大蚊總科（學名：Trichoceroidea）唯一一个現存的科，模式屬為冬大蚊屬（英语：Trichocera）。該科成員主要分布於全北界^[4]，另在澳大拉西亞與南美洲等地也有物種分布^[5]，外貌與其姊妹群大蚊總科（英语：Tipuloidea）相近，兩者的主要差異在於冬大蚊科具有單眼（Ocelli（英语：Ocelli）），大蚊總科則否^[6]。

冬大蚊科得名自其英文名稱「winter crane flies」，因為許多物種的成蟲常會在春、秋二季，乃至嚴冬時節活動，或是集結飛行^[7]^[8]，少數冬大蚊屬物種甚至已知可活躍於0°C以下的環境^[9]^[10]。

下级分类[编辑]

Diazosoma
冬大蚊亞科 Trichocerinae
- 冬大蚊族 Trichocerini
  - Cladoneura
  - 冬大蚊屬（英语：Trichocera） Trichocera
  - †Eotrichocera
  - †Karatina
  - †Mailotrichocera
  - †Paleotrichocera
  - †Rasnitsynina
- 族 Nothotrichocerini
  - Nothotrichocera
  - †Tanyochoreta
  - †Undaya
  - †Zherikhinina
分枝冬大蚊亞科 Paracladurinae
- Asdura
- 分枝冬大蚊屬（英语：Paracladura） Paracladura
- Zedura
†亞科 Kovalevinae
- †Kovaleva
†亞科 Ewauristinae
- †Ewaurista

譜系關係[编辑]

以下節錄Ci與Kang於2021年基於粒線體DNA，利用最大概似估計法所得出冬大蚊科與其近親的譜系關係^[11]：

	搖蚊科

	蚊科

大蚊下目

冬大蚊科

平大蚊科（英语：Pediciidae）

亮大蚊科（英语：Limoniidae）

	錐大蚊科（英语：Cylindrotomidae）

	大蚊科

参考文献[编辑]

^ Krzemińska, E.; Lukashevich, E. The oldest Trichoceridae (Diptera) from the Lower Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan: implications of the biomechanical properties of their wings. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh. 2018, 107 (2-3): 173–176. ISSN 1755-6929. doi:10.1017/S1755691017000317.
^ Krzemińska, E.; Krzemiński, W.; Dahl, C. Monograph of Fossil Trichoceridae (Diptera): Over 180 Million Years of Evolution. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals. Polish Academy of Sciences. 2009 [2021-10-08]. ISBN 978-83-61358-20-6. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.
^ Kang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Ding, S.; Tang, C.; Wang, Y.; de Jong, H.; Cameron, S. L.; Wang, M.; Yang, D. Transcriptomes of three species of Tipuloidea (Diptera, Tipulomorpha) and implications for phylogeny of Tipulomorpha. PLOS ONE. 2017, 12 (3): e0173207 [2022-04-05]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5338816 . PMID 28264066. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173207. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.
^ Salmela, J.; Petrašiūnas, A. Checklist of the infraorder Tipulomorpha (Trichoceridae, Tipuloidea) (Diptera) of Finland. ZooKeys. 2014, 441: 21–36 [2021-10-08]. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 4200445 . PMID 25337005. doi:10.3897/zookeys.441.7533. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.
^ Krzemińska, E. Subfamily Paracladurinae. III. Phylogenetic biogeography: Two new genera and three species described (Diptera, Trichoceridae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 2005, 32 (4): 317–352 [2021-10-08]. ISSN 0301-4223. doi:10.1080/03014223.2005.9518422. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.
^ Petersen, M. J.; Bertone, M. A.; Wiegmann, B. M.; Courtney, G. W. Phylogenetic synthesis of morphological and molecular data reveals new insights into the higher‐level classification of Tipuloidea (Diptera). Systematic Entomology. 2010, 35 (3): 526–545 [2021-10-08]. ISSN 0307-6970. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00524.x. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.
^ Dahl, C. The Influence of Light, Humidity and Temperature on Trichoceridae (Diptera). Oikos. 1969, 20 (2): 409–430. ISSN 0030-1299. doi:10.2307/3543206.
^ Hågvar, S.; Krzemińska, E. Contribution to the winter phenology of Trichoceridae (Diptera) in snow-covered southern Norway. Studia Dipterologica. 2007, 14 (2): 271–283 [2021-10-08]. ISSN 0945-3954. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.
^ Dahl, C. Distribution, phenology and adaptation to arctic environment in Trichoceridae (Diptera). Oikos. 1970, 21 (2): 185–202. ISSN 0030-1299. doi:10.2307/3543674.
^ Pertierra, L. R.; Escribano-Álvarez, P.; Olalla-Tárraga, M. Á. Cold tolerance is similar but heat tolerance is higher in the alien insect Trichocera maculipennis than in the native Parochlus steinenii in Antarctica. Polar Biology. 2021, 44 (6): 1203–1208. ISSN 1432-2056. doi:10.1007/s00300-021-02865-w.
^ Ci, T.; Kang, Z. New data on the mitochondrial genome of the winter crane fly (Diptera: Trichoceridae) with phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA Part B: Resources. 2021, 6 (2): 674–677. ISSN 2380-2359. doi:10.1080/23802359.2021.1881839.

[1] Krzemińska, E.; Lukashevich, E. The oldest Trichoceridae (Diptera) from the Lower Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan: implications of the biomechanical properties of their wings. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh. 2018, 107 (2-3): 173–176. ISSN 1755-6929. doi:10.1017/S1755691017000317.

[2] Krzemińska, E.; Krzemiński, W.; Dahl, C. Monograph of Fossil Trichoceridae (Diptera): Over 180 Million Years of Evolution. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals. Polish Academy of Sciences. 2009 [2021-10-08]. ISBN 978-83-61358-20-6. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.

[3] Kang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Ding, S.; Tang, C.; Wang, Y.; de Jong, H.; Cameron, S. L.; Wang, M.; Yang, D. Transcriptomes of three species of Tipuloidea (Diptera, Tipulomorpha) and implications for phylogeny of Tipulomorpha. PLOS ONE. 2017, 12 (3): e0173207 [2022-04-05]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5338816 . PMID 28264066. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173207. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.

[4] Salmela, J.; Petrašiūnas, A. Checklist of the infraorder Tipulomorpha (Trichoceridae, Tipuloidea) (Diptera) of Finland. ZooKeys. 2014, 441: 21–36 [2021-10-08]. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 4200445 . PMID 25337005. doi:10.3897/zookeys.441.7533. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.

[5] Krzemińska, E. Subfamily Paracladurinae. III. Phylogenetic biogeography: Two new genera and three species described (Diptera, Trichoceridae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 2005, 32 (4): 317–352 [2021-10-08]. ISSN 0301-4223. doi:10.1080/03014223.2005.9518422. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.

[6] Petersen, M. J.; Bertone, M. A.; Wiegmann, B. M.; Courtney, G. W. Phylogenetic synthesis of morphological and molecular data reveals new insights into the higher‐level classification of Tipuloidea (Diptera). Systematic Entomology. 2010, 35 (3): 526–545 [2021-10-08]. ISSN 0307-6970. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00524.x. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.

[7] Dahl, C. The Influence of Light, Humidity and Temperature on Trichoceridae (Diptera). Oikos. 1969, 20 (2): 409–430. ISSN 0030-1299. doi:10.2307/3543206.

[8] Hågvar, S.; Krzemińska, E. Contribution to the winter phenology of Trichoceridae (Diptera) in snow-covered southern Norway. Studia Dipterologica. 2007, 14 (2): 271–283 [2021-10-08]. ISSN 0945-3954. （原始内容存档于2021-10-08）.

[9] Dahl, C. Distribution, phenology and adaptation to arctic environment in Trichoceridae (Diptera). Oikos. 1970, 21 (2): 185–202. ISSN 0030-1299. doi:10.2307/3543674.

[10] Pertierra, L. R.; Escribano-Álvarez, P.; Olalla-Tárraga, M. Á. Cold tolerance is similar but heat tolerance is higher in the alien insect Trichocera maculipennis than in the native Parochlus steinenii in Antarctica. Polar Biology. 2021, 44 (6): 1203–1208. ISSN 1432-2056. doi:10.1007/s00300-021-02865-w.

[11] Ci, T.; Kang, Z. New data on the mitochondrial genome of the winter crane fly (Diptera: Trichoceridae) with phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA Part B: Resources. 2021, 6 (2): 674–677. ISSN 2380-2359. doi:10.1080/23802359.2021.1881839.

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