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中美洲蹴球

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座落在奇琴伊察的蹴球场。

中美洲蹴球纳瓦特尔语ōllamalīztli纳瓦特尔语发音:[oːlːamaˈlistɬi]马雅语系语言:pitz;英语:Mesoamerican ballgame)是一种流行于古代中部美洲具有仪式关联的体育活动阿兹特克版本的此类活动,是今墨西哥锡那罗亚州Ulama(或作Ollama)球类运动的前身。[1]

中美洲蹴球有其重要仪式意义,主要的正式球赛都是作为仪式活动而举行。这项运动也被作为儿童游戏进行,且女性也可能从事于这种运动。[2]

这种球赛与活人献祭有关,尤其是斩首。例如,埃尔塔欣有石板雕刻一个在球场上被牺牲的人,而奇琴伊察也有石板则雕刻一名被斩首且跪着的球赛参与者,蛇和植物从他的脖子上长出来,凸显牺牲血液的再生滋养力量。与这种球赛相关的祭祀主题艺术遍布整个中部美洲,从危地马拉南海岸Bilbao遗址的雕塑,到发现于墨西哥中部的文献资料中。在基切人的《波波尔·乌》也描述有关传说故事。然而,尽管牺牲与球赛有密切联系,但其中牺牲的确切机制和意义仍无法被确认;目前仍无法确知是什么人会被牺牲、在何种场合下牺牲,以及这种牺牲与球赛本身有何关联。[3]

被发现有早于公元前1000年有关文物的遗址(以红点标示)的地图。

参考文献

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  1. ^ Leyenaar, Ted J. J. Ulama the perpetuation in Mexico of the pre-spanish ball game Ullamaliztli. Brill. 1978 (荷兰语). 
  2. ^ Art, Mint Museum of. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Thames & Hudson. 2001. ISBN 978-0-500-05108-5 (英语). 
  3. ^ Earley, Authors: Caitlin C. The Mesoamerican Ballgame | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. [2024-08-05] (英语). 

延伸阅读

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Berdan, Frances F. The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology 2nd. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. 2005. ISBN 0-534-62728-5. OCLC 55880584. 
California State University, Los Angeles, Department of Anthropology, "Proyecto Ulama 2003"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), accessed October 2007.
Carrasco, David; Scott Sessions. Daily Life of the Aztecs: People of the Sun and Earth. The Greenwood Press "Daily Life Through History" series ISSN 1080-4749. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. 1998. ISBN 0-313-29558-1. OCLC 37552549. 
Christenson, Allen J. Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya: The Great Classic of Central American Spirituality. University of Oklahoma Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8061-3839-8. 
Colas, Pierre; Alexander Voss. A Game of Life and Death – The Maya Ball Game. Nikolai Grube英语Nikolai Grube (ed.) (编). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne, Germany: Könemann. 2006: 186–191. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439. 
Espinoza, Mauricio. El Corazón del Juego: El Juego de Pelota Mesoamericano como Texto Cultural en la Narrativa y el Cine Contemporáneo. Istmo. 2002, 4 [2019-01-28]. ISSN 1535-2315. (原始内容存档于2007-05-24) (西班牙语). 
Foster, Lynn V. Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World. Facts on File Library of World History. New York: Facts On File. 2002. ISBN 0-8160-4148-2. 
Hosler, Dorothy; Sandra Burkett; Michael Tarkanian. Prehistoric Polymers: Rubber Processing in Ancient Mesoamerica. Science. 1999-06-18, 284 (5422): 1988–1991. PMID 10373117. doi:10.1126/science.284.5422.1988. 
McKillop, Heather I. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2004. ISBN 1-57607-697-0. OCLC 56558696. 
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Recent Acquisitions, A selection 2001–2002. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 2002, LX (2). ISSN 0026-1521. 
Miller, Mary Ellen. The Maya Ballgame: Rebirth in the Court of Life and Death. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art英语Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson英语Thames & Hudson. 2001: 20–31. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226. 
Miller, Mary Ellen; Simon Martin. Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya. London: Thames & Hudson英语Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05129-1. OCLC 54799516. 
Wilcox, David R. The Mesoamerican Ballgame in the American Southwest. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press英语University of Arizona Press. 1991: 101–125. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562. 
Zender, Mark. Glyphs for "Handspan" and "Strike" in Classic Maya Ballgame Texts (PDF). The PARI Journal. 2004, IV (4) [2019-01-28]. ISSN 0003-8113. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-09-10). 

外部链接

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