大理石纹螯虾

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大理石纹螯虾
Adult marmorkrebs
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
亚门： 甲壳亚门 Crustacea
纲： 软甲纲 Malacostraca
目： 十足目 Decapoda
亚目： 腹胚亚目 Pleocyemata
科： 螯虾科 Cambaridae
属： 原蝲蛄属 Procambarus
种：
大理石纹螯虾 P. fallax
变种：
大理石纹螯虾 P. f. var. virginalis
三名法
Procambarus fallax var. virginalis
Martin et al., 2010[1]
大理石纹螯虾在野外被发现的欧洲国家。 它也出现在马达加斯加和日本。[2][3]
异名

Procambarus virginalis[4]

大理石纹螯虾（德语：Marmorkrebs；英语：Marbled crayfish）是一种单性生殖的淡水龙虾，于1995年首次在德国的水族饲养界发现。该品种与遍布美国佛罗里达州的英语：龍紋螯蝦，罗马化：Procambarus fallax相近。目前并无已知的大理石纹螯虾自然栖地。根据其中一名初始贩售者的说法，大理石纹螯虾的原本来源是“完全就是令人困惑且不可靠”（totally confusing and unreliable）。[5]这种螯虾被发现至今仍不到30年，但已成为欧洲与马达加斯加等地的淡水水域随处都能见到的入侵种。[6][4][1][7][5]

模式生物[编辑]

大理石纹螯虾是唯一已知只能由孤雌生殖繁殖的十足目甲壳纲动物。[6]所有的个体都是雌性，后代在遗传上与母体相同。[4][8]大理石纹螯虾为DNA三倍体动物，[4][9]这可能是其为孤雌生殖繁殖的主要原因。大理石纹螯虾因此成为多倍体形态的模型。[4]

因为大理石纹螯虾在遗传上是相同的，易于照顾，并且繁殖速度很快，所以它们是潜在的模式生物，特别是用于研究发育生物学。[10]然而，相比其他研究生物而言较长的发育时间（几个月）是一个主要的缺点。[11]

2018年，基因组测序为后续研究提供了重要基础。[12]

入侵物种[编辑]

大理石纹螯虾引起了人们的关注，成为一种潜在的入侵物种[6]因为只需要一个个体就可以建立一个新的种群，而且他们可以以很高的比例复制。此后，它们被引入三大洲的自然生态系统。 它们在以下国家在野外被发现：

出现原因可能是被野放或逃离水族馆。大理石纹螯虾是国际宠物贸易中分布最广泛的小龙虾种类之一。[25]

虽然欧洲野生大理石纹螯虾的初步报告只包括几个独立研究，[14]但通报发现大理石纹螯虾种群的欧洲国家数量正在增加。[26] 欧盟制定了“全面禁止这些物种（包括野生大理石纹螯虾）的拥有，贸易，运输，生产和释放”。[27][28][29][30]

马达加斯加首都食品市场中发现这种螯虾，[19]引起地方当局的关注。[31]

尽管北美在野外没有发现大理石纹螯虾种群，但它们在北美宠物贸易中广泛分布在爱好者中。[32][33] 由于担心引入可能造成的损害，密苏里州和田纳西州全面禁止这些物种（包括野生大理石纹螯虾）的拥有，贸易，运输，生产和释放”。[34][35]

参考[编辑]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Peer Martin; Nathan J. Dorn; Tadashi Kawai; Craig van der Heiden; Gerhard Scholtz. The enigmatic Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) is the parthenogenetic form of Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870). Contributions to Zoology. 2010, 79 (3): 107–118 [2018-03-06]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-05-21）. 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Pârvulescu, Lucian; Togor, Andrei; Lele, Sandra-Florina; Scheu, Sebastian; Șinca, Daniel; Panteleit, Jörn. First established population of marbled crayfish Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis (Decapoda, Cambaridae) in Romania (PDF). BioInvasions Records. 2017, 6 (4): 357–362 [2018-02-09]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-12）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 D. M. Holdich & M. Pöckl. Invasive crustaceans in European inland waters. Francesca Gherardi (编). Biological Invaders in Inland Waters: Profiles, Distribution, and Threats. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. 2007: 29–75. ISBN 978-1-4020-6029-8. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6029-8_2. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Vogt, Günter; Falckenhayn, Cassandra; Schrimpf, Anne; Schmid, Katharina; Hanna, Katharina; Panteleit, Jörn; Helm, Mark; Schulz, Ralf; Lyko, Frank. The marbled crayfish as a paradigm for saltational speciation by autopolyploidy and parthenogenesis in animals. Biology Open. 2015, 4 (11): 1583–1594. PMC 4728364 可免费查阅. PMID 26519519. doi:10.1242/bio.014241. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Günter Vogt, Laura Tolley & Gerhard Scholtz. Life stages and reproductive components of the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish), the first parthenogenetic decapod crustacean. Journal of Morphology. 2004, 261 (3): 286–311. doi:10.1002/jmor.10250. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Gerhard Scholtz; Anke Braband; Laura Tolley; André Reimann; Beate Mittmann; Chris Lukhaup; Frank Steuerwald; Günter Vogt. Parthenogenesis in an outsider crayfish. Nature. 2003, 421 (6925): 806. PMID 12594502. doi:10.1038/421806a. 
  7. ^ Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. The crayfishes of Florida. University of Florida Publication: Biological Series. 1942, 3 (2): 1–179. 
  8. ^ Peer Martin, Klaus Kohlmann & Gerhard Scholtz. The parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) produces genetically uniform offspring. Naturwissenschaften. 2007, 94 (10): 843–846. PMID 17541537. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0260-0. 
  9. ^ Martin P, Thonagel S, Scholtz G. The parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Cambaridae) are triploid organisms. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 2015, 54: 13–21. doi:10.1111/jzs.12114. 
  10. ^ Frederike Alwes & Gerhard Scholtz. Stages and other aspects of the embryology of the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Reptantia, Astacida). Development Genes and Evolution. 2006, 216 (4): 169–184. doi:10.1007/s00427-005-0041-8. 
  11. ^ Günter Vogt. Suitability of the clonal marbled crayfish for biogerontological research: A review and perspective, with remarks on some further crustaceans. Biogerontology. 2010, 11 (6): 643–669. PMID 20582627. doi:10.1007/s10522-010-9291-6. 
  12. ^ Gutekunst, Julian; Andriantsoa, Ranja; Falckenhayn, Cassandra; Hanna, Katharina; Stein, Wolfgang; Rasamy, Jeanne; Lyko, Frank. Clonal genome evolution and rapid invasive spread of the marbled crayfish. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2018-02-05 [2018-03-06]. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 29403072. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0467-9. （原始内容存档于2020-04-17）. 
  13. ^ Jiří Patoka; Miloš Buřič; Vojtěch Kolář; Martin Bláha; Miloslav Petrtýl; Pavel Franta; Robert Tropek; Lukáš Kalous; Adam Petrusek; Antonín Kouba. Predictions of marbled crayfish establishment in conurbations fulfilled: Evidences from the Czech Republic. Biologia. 2016, 71 (12): 1380–1385 [2018-03-06]. doi:10.1515/biolog-2016-0164. （原始内容存档于2018-02-10）. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Peer Martin; Hong Shen; Gert Füllner; Gerhard Scholtz. The first record of the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae) in the wild in Saxony (Germany) raises the question of its actual threat to European freshwater ecosystems. Aquatic Invasions. 2010, 5 (4): 397–403. doi:10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.09. 
  15. ^ Christoph Chucholl & Michael Pfeiffer. First evidence for an established Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae) population in Southwestern Germany, in syntopic occurrence with Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817). Aquatic Invasions. 2010, 5 (4): 405–412. doi:10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.10. 
  16. ^ Lőkkös A, Müller T, Kovács K, Várkonyi L, Specziár A, Martin P. The alien, parthenogenetic marbled crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) is entering Kis-Balaton (Hungary), one of Europe's most important wetland biotopes. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems. 2016, 417 (417): 16. doi:10.1051/kmae/2016003. 
  17. ^ Francesco Nonnis Marzano, Massimiliano Scalici, Stefania Chiesa, Francesca Gherardi, Armando Piccinini & Giancarlo Gibertini. The first record of the marbled crayfish adds further threats to fresh waters in Italy. Aquatic Invasions. 2009, 4 (2): 401–404. doi:10.3391/ai.2009.4.2.19. 
  18. ^ Tadashi Kawai; M. Takahata (编). The Biology of Freshwater Crayfish. Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-4-8329-8194-2. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Julia P. G. Jones; Jeanne R. Rasamy; Andrew Harvey; Alicia Toon; Birgit Oidtmann; Michele H. Randrianarison; Noromalala Raminosoa; Olga R. Ravoahangimalala. The perfect invader: a parthenogenic crayfish poses a new threat to Madagascar's freshwater biodiversity. Biological Invasions. 2008, 11 (6): 1475–1482. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9334-y. 
  20. ^ Boris Lipták; Agata Mrugała; Ladislav Pekárik; Anton Mutkovič; Daniel Gruľa; Adam Petrusek & Antonín Kouba. Expansion of the marbled crayfish in Slovakia: beginning of an invasion in the Danube catchment?. Journal of Limnology. 2016. doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1313. 
  21. ^ P. Bohman; L. Edsman; P. Martin; G. Scholtz. The first Marmorkrebs (Decapoda: Astacida: Cambaridae) in Scandinavia (PDF). BioInvasions Records. 2013, 2 (3): 227–232. doi:10.3391/bir.2013.2.3.09. 
  22. ^ RA Novitsky; MO Son. The first records of Marmorkrebs [Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis] (Crustacea, Decapoda, Cambaridae) in Ukraine. Ecologica Montenegrina. 2016, 5: 44–46 [2018-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-25）. 
  23. ^ 引证错误：没有为名为Taiwan的参考文献提供内容
  24. ^ 引证错误：没有为名为Macau的参考文献提供内容
  25. ^ Zen Faulkes. The global trade in crayfish as pets. Crustacean Research. 2015, 44: 75–92. doi:10.18353/crustacea.44.0_75. 
  26. ^ C. Chucholl; K. Morawetz; H. Groß H. The clones are coming – strong increase in Marmorkrebs [Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis] records from Europe. Aquatic Invasions. 2012, 7 (4): 511–519. doi:10.3391/ai.2012.7.4.008. 
  27. ^ REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species. EUR-Lex. [2018-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-07）. 
  28. ^ COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2016/1141 of 13 July 2016 adopting a list of invasive alien species of Union concern pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council. EUR-Lex. [2018-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-15）. 
  29. ^ COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2017/1263 of 12 July 2017 updating the list of invasive alien species of Union concern established by Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1141 pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council. EUR-Lex. [2018-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-15）. 
  30. ^ Zen Faulkes. Has the European Union regulated Marmorkrebs?. Marmorkrebs blog. February 17, 2016 [May 4, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-04）. 
  31. ^ Klaus Heimer. Invasion of self-cloning crayfish alarms Madagascar. Deutsche Presse-Agentur wire story. 18 August 2010 [2018-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-12）. 
  32. ^ Zen Faulkes. The spread of the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish, Marmorkrebs (Procambarus sp.), in the North American pet trade. Aquatic Invasions. 2010, 5 (4): 447–450. doi:10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.16. 
  33. ^ Zen Faulkes. Marmorkrebs (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) are the most popular crayfish in the North American pet trade. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems. 2015, 416 (416): 20. doi:10.1051/kmae/2015016. 
  34. ^ Anonymous. Conservation Action Meeting of the March 2010 Conservation Commission. Missouri Department of Conservation. 17 May 2010 [November 28, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-23）. 
  35. ^ Zen Faulkes. Sell your Marmorkrebs, Tennesseans. Marmorkrebs blog. January 25, 2016 [January 25, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）. 
引证错误：在<references>标签中name属性为“Jimenez”的参考文献没有在文中使用

外部链接[编辑]

分类单元识别码
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