卡育努

**卡育努**
	卡育努遺址
地點	土耳其迪亞巴克爾省
坐標	38°12′59″N 39°43′35″E / 38.21639°N 39.72639°E座標：38°12′59″N 39°43′35″E / 38.21639°N 39.72639°E
類型	Settlement
歷史
建立於	8,630 BC
廢棄於	6,800 BC
時代	新石器時代

卡育努遺址（英語：Çayönü Tepesi）是土耳其東南部的一個新石器時代的定居點遺址，它曾在大約在公元前8630年至公元前6800年期間繁榮一時。^[1]它位於迪亞巴克爾西北40公里處的陶魯斯山脈腳下、底格里斯河上游支流博阿茲查伊河（英語：Boğazçay）（Boğazçay）和間歇性河流貝斯塔科特河（Bestakot）附近。

考古[編輯]

該遺址在1964年至1991年期間歷經了16輪的挖掘，最初由考古學家羅伯特·約翰·布雷德伍德（英語：Robert John Braidwood）和哈雷特·坎貝爾Halet Çambel（英語：哈雷特·坎贝尔Halet Çambel）發掘，後來穆罕默德·厄茲多安（英語：Mehmet Özdoğan）和阿斯勒·埃里姆·厄茲多安（英語：Aslı Erim Özdoğan）也加入到發掘工作中。^[2]^[3]該定居點涵蓋了前陶器新石器時代A階段（英語：Pre-Pottery Neolithic A）（PPNA）、前陶器新石器時代B階段（英語：Pre-Pottery Neolithic B）（PPNB）和陶器新石器時代（英語：Pottery Neolithic）（PN）等時期。

該地層根據主要建築結構分為以下幾個亞階段：^[4]

圓式結構，PPNA
柵欄式結構，PPNA
通道式結構，早期PPNB
鵝卵石鋪砌結構，中期PPNB
牢房結構，晚期PPNB
大房結構，最晚期PPNB

考古學家對遺址中發現的血跡進行分析，數據表明這裏曾發生過人祭。^[5]

馴化遺蹟[編輯]

動物[編輯]

卡育努可能是豬（Sus scrofa）首次被馴化的地方。^[6]

穀物種植[編輯]

對埃默爾小麥（英語：emmer wheat）（目前大多數小麥品種的前身）的遺傳學研究表明，它顯示與恰耶努相鄰的卡拉卡山（英語：Karaca Dağ）的山坡是小麥首次被馴化的地點。另一種DNA方法，也指向卡拉卡山。^[7]

羅伯特·約翰·布雷德伍德（英語：Robert John Braidwood）在1972年對該遺址土地進行深度測試，並稱該測試表明卡育努作為史前遺址，在新石器時代早期即具備栽培埃默爾小麥的能力。^[8]

參考[編輯]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Collins, Andrew. Gobekli Tepe: Genesis of the Gods: The Temple of the Watchers and the Discovery of Eden. Simon and Schuster. 2014: 93 [2021-09-22]. ISBN 9781591438359. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-27）（英語）.
^ Çambel, H.; Braidwood, R. J. (編). The Joint Istanbul-Chicago Universities' Prehistoric Research in Southeastern Anatolia. Istanbul University Publications 2589. Istanbul. 1980. OCLC 15163668.
^ Özdoğan, A. Çayönü. Özdoğan, M.; Başgelen, N. (編). Neolithic in Turkey: The Cradle of Civilization, New Discoveries. Istanbul: EGE Yayınları. 1999: 35–64. ISBN 975-6899-41-7.
^ Pearson, J; Grove, M; Ozbek, M; Hongo, H. Food and social complexity at Çayönü Tepesi, southeastern Anatolia: Stable isotope evidence of differentiation in diet according to burial practice and sex in the early Neolithic. J Anthropol Archaeol. 2013, 32 (2): 180–189. PMC 4066944 . PMID 24976671. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2013.01.002.
^ Loy, Thomas H.; Wood, Andrée R. Blood Residue Analysis at Çayönü Tepesi, Turkey. Journal of Field Archaeology. 1989, 16 (4): 451–460. doi:10.1179/jfa.1989.16.4.451.
^ Ervynck, A.; et al. Born Free? New Evidence for the Status of Sus scrofa at Neolithic Çayönü Tepesi (Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey). Paléorient. 2001, 27 (2): 47–73. JSTOR 41496617. doi:10.3406/paleo.2001.4731.
^ Civáň, Peter; et al. Reticulated Origin of Domesticated Emmer Wheat Supports a Dynamic Model for the Emergence of Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent. PLOS One. 2013, 8 (11): e81955. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881955C. PMC 3843696 . PMID 24312385. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081955 .
^ Braidwood, Robert J.; et al. Beginnings of Village-Farming Communities in Southeastern Turkey, 1972. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1974, 71 (2): 568–572. Bibcode:1974PNAS...71..568B. PMC 388049 . PMID 16592143. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.2.568 .

外部連結[編輯]

Çayönü （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） from About.com
Çayönü （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） from Ancient Near East

[GTGOG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Collins, Andrew. Gobekli Tepe: Genesis of the Gods: The Temple of the Watchers and the Discovery of Eden. Simon and Schuster. 2014: 93 [2021-09-22]. ISBN 9781591438359. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-27）（英語）.

[2] Çambel, H.; Braidwood, R. J. (編). The Joint Istanbul-Chicago Universities' Prehistoric Research in Southeastern Anatolia. Istanbul University Publications 2589. Istanbul. 1980. OCLC 15163668.

[3] Özdoğan, A. Çayönü. Özdoğan, M.; Başgelen, N. (編). Neolithic in Turkey: The Cradle of Civilization, New Discoveries. Istanbul: EGE Yayınları. 1999: 35–64. ISBN 975-6899-41-7.

[4] Pearson, J; Grove, M; Ozbek, M; Hongo, H. Food and social complexity at Çayönü Tepesi, southeastern Anatolia: Stable isotope evidence of differentiation in diet according to burial practice and sex in the early Neolithic. J Anthropol Archaeol. 2013, 32 (2): 180–189. PMC 4066944 . PMID 24976671. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2013.01.002.

[5] Loy, Thomas H.; Wood, Andrée R. Blood Residue Analysis at Çayönü Tepesi, Turkey. Journal of Field Archaeology. 1989, 16 (4): 451–460. doi:10.1179/jfa.1989.16.4.451.

[6] Ervynck, A.; et al. Born Free? New Evidence for the Status of Sus scrofa at Neolithic Çayönü Tepesi (Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey). Paléorient. 2001, 27 (2): 47–73. JSTOR 41496617. doi:10.3406/paleo.2001.4731.

[7] Civáň, Peter; et al. Reticulated Origin of Domesticated Emmer Wheat Supports a Dynamic Model for the Emergence of Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent. PLOS One. 2013, 8 (11): e81955. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881955C. PMC 3843696 . PMID 24312385. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081955 .

[8] Braidwood, Robert J.; et al. Beginnings of Village-Farming Communities in Southeastern Turkey, 1972. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1974, 71 (2): 568–572. Bibcode:1974PNAS...71..568B. PMC 388049 . PMID 16592143. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.2.568 .

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