双古堆遗址

**双古堆**
	在中国的位置
地點	中国安徽省阜阳市
坐標	32°54′N 115°48′E / 32.9°N 115.8°E
類型	陵墓
歷史
時代	汉朝
事件	封存于公元前165年

双古堆是中国安徽省阜阳市附近的一处西汉早期墓葬遗址。1号墓葬属于汝陰侯夏侯灶，封于公元前165年。在1977年的发掘中，发现了大量汉简，内容有《诗经》与《楚辞》片断、年表、异于传世本的《易经》等。与马王堆和郭店这两处位于古楚国的墓葬一样，双古堆遗址的发掘为西汉早期的文化与习俗提供了重要资料。

发掘与鉴定[编辑]

夏侯灶墓遗址被称为双古堆，位于安徽省阜阳市，于1977年7月在扩建阜阳机场时发现。^[1]双古堆位于阜阳市外约3km处，人们知道此处有古墓，但不能确定发掘工作有否计划，还是临时进行。^[2]发掘工作由安徽省文物考古队的两名考古学家监督，发现了两座墓，东面的1号墓有带字文物。^[1]宽4.1m的斜道通向一个南北长9.2m、东西宽7.65m的墓室，大约是1973年发现的马王堆汉墓3号墓面积的一半。^[3]

1号墓中发现的一些青铜器上记有墓主人女［汝］陰侯的名字。^[2]汝阴侯是西汉初设立的新封爵，最早授予给夏侯婴（？-172 BC）。考古学家确定该墓属于夏侯婴之子夏侯灶，也就是第二任汝阴侯。关于他的情况知之甚少，^[4]可以确定卒于汉文帝十五年（公元前165年）。^[5]

出土文物[编辑]

式盘[编辑]

双古堆遗址有已知最早的式盘，是汉代广泛使用的一种占卜器具。^[6]这两块漆面星盘包含一个直径9.5cm的可动圆盘，代表天球，装在一个13.5×13.5cm的方形底座上，代表地面。^[7]圆顶中心描绘着北斗七星，圆盘和底座边缘都刻有助于占卜的星象。^[8]

《楚辞》《韩非子》《淮南子》及一些兵书都提到了式盘的使用。^[9]

另见[编辑]

注释[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Shaughnessy 2014，第190頁.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Shaughnessy 2014，第190–91頁.
^ Shaughnessy 2014，第189–90頁.
^ Greatrex 1994，第98頁；Shaughnessy 2014，第191頁.
^ Shaughnessy 2014，第191頁.
^ Lewis 2006，第275 (earliest)頁；Dorofeeva-Lichtmann 2007，第294 ("cosmograph")頁；Tseng 2011，第47 (widely used)頁；Shaughnessy 2014，第190–91 ("two well-preserved diviner's boards")頁. A drawing of one of these boards first published in the Chinese journal Kaogu ("Archeology") in 1978, is reproduced in Harper 1999，第840頁; Dorofeeva-Lichtmann 2007，第294頁; and Tseng 2011，第49頁.
^ Harper 1999，第839 ("astrological instrument" and description)頁；Tseng 2011，第47 (lacquered) and 49 (measurements)頁.
^ Harper 1999，第839 (on help for divination) and 841 (on Northern Dipper as deity)頁；Tseng 2011，第47 (description of artifact)頁.
^ Harper 1999，第841–43頁.

书目[编辑]

引用文献[编辑]

Dorofeeva-Lichtmann, Vera, Spatial Organization of Ancient Chinese Texts (Preliminary Remarks), Chemla, Karine (编), History of Science, History of Text, Dordrecht: Springer: 3–49, 2004, ISBN 1-4020-2320-0.
———, Mapless Mapping: Did the Maps of the Shan hai jing Ever Exist?, Francesca Bray; Vera Dorofeeva-Lichtmann; Georges Métailié (编), Graphics and Text in the Production of Technical Knowledge in China: The Warp and the Weft, Leiden and Boston: E.J. Brill: 217–94, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-16063-7.
Graziani, Romain, The subject and the sovereign: exploring the self in early Chinese self-cultivation, John Lagerwey; Mark Kalinowski (编), Early Chinese Religion. Part One: Shang through Han (1250 BC–220 AD), Leiden: Brill: 459–518, 2009, ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0.
Greatrex, Roger, An Early Western Han Synonymicon: The Fuyang Copy of the Cang Jie pian, Joakim Enwall (编), Outstretched Leaves on His Bamboo Staff: Essays in Honour of Göran Malmqvist on his 70th Birthday, Stockholm: Association of Oriental Studies: 97–113, 1994, ISBN 91-970854-3-X.
Harper, Donald, The Han Cosmic Board (shih 式), Early China, 1978–1979, 4: 1–10, JSTOR 23351383, doi:10.1017/S0362502800005836. – 通过JSTOR
———, Early Chinese Medical Literature: The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts, London and New York: Kegan Paul International, 1998, ISBN 0-7103-0582-6.
———, Warring States Natural Philosophy and Occult Thought, Michael Loewe; Edward L. Shaughnessy (编), The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 813–84, 1999, ISBN 0-521-47030-7.
Hayhoe, Ruth, Education and Modernization: The Chinese Experience, Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press, 1992, ISBN 0-08-037411-5.
Hsu, Elisabeth, Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine: The Telling Touch, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-51662-4.
胡平生, translated by Deborah Porter, Some Notes on the Organization of the Han Dynasty Bamboo 'Annals' Found at Fuyang, Early China, 1989, 14: 1–25, JSTOR 23351410, doi:10.1017/S0362502800002571. – 通过JSTOR
Kalinowski, Marc, The Notion of "Shi" 式 and Some Related Terms in Qin-Han Calendrical Astrology, Early China, 2013, 35: 331–360, doi:10.1017/S0362502800000535.
Kern, Martin, The Odes in Excavated Manuscripts, Martin Kern (编), Text and Ritual in Early China, Seattle: University of Washington Press: 149–93, 2005, ISBN 978-0-295-98787-3.
Lewis, Mark Edward, The Construction of Space in Early China, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2006, ISBN 0-7914-6608-6.
Sabban, Françoise, Quand la forme transcende l'objet. Histoire des pâtes alimentaires en Chine (IIIe siècle av. J.-C.–IIIe siècle apr. J.-C.) [When the form transcends the thing: history of pasta in China, 3rd century BC – 3rd century AD], Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 2000, 55 (4): 791–824 [2023-05-16], doi:10.3406/ahess.2000.279881, （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.
Shaughnessy, Edward L., The Fuyang Zhou Yi and the Making of a Divination Manual (PDF), Asia Major, Third Series, 2001, 14 (1): 7–18 [2023-05-16], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-05-16）.
———, Unearthing the Changes: Recently Discovered Manuscripts of the Yi Jing (I Ching) and Related Texts, New York: Columbia University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-231-16184-8.
Sterckx, Roel, The Animal and the Daemon in Early China, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2002, ISBN 0-7914-5270-0.
Tseng, Lillian Lan-ying, Picturing Heaven in Early China, Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Asia Center, distributed by Harvard University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-674-06069-2.
Unschuld, Paul U.; Zheng, Jinsheng, Manuscripts as sources in the history of Chinese medicine (translated from German by Mitch Cohen), Vivienne Lo; Christopher Cullen (编), Medieval Chinese Medicine: The Dunhuang medical manuscripts, New York: RoutledgeCurzon: 19–44, 2005, ISBN 0-415-34295-3.
Vankeerberghen, Griet, The Tables (biao) in Sima Qian's Shi ji: Rhetoric and Remembrance, Francesca Bray; Vera Dorofeeva-Lichtmann; Georges Métailié (编), Graphics and Text in the Production of Technical Knowledge in China: The Warp and the Weft, Leiden and Boston: E,J. Brill: 295–311, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-16063-7.
Wilkinson, Endymion, Chinese History: A Manual. Revised and enlarged, Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 2000, ISBN 0-674-00247-4.