雙古堆遺址
  在中國的位置 | |
| 地點 | 中國安徽省阜陽市 |
|---|---|
| 坐標 | 32°54′N 115°48′E / 32.9°N 115.8°E |
| 類型 | 陵墓 |
| 歷史 | |
| 時代 | 漢朝 |
| 事件 | 封存於公元前165年 |
雙古堆是中國安徽省阜陽市附近的一處西漢早期墓葬遺址。1號墓葬屬於汝陰侯夏侯灶，封於公元前165年。在1977年的發掘中，發現了大量漢簡，內容有《詩經》與《楚辭》片斷、年表、異於傳世本的《易經》等。與馬王堆和郭店這兩處位於古楚國的墓葬一樣，雙古堆遺址的發掘為西漢早期的文化與習俗提供了重要資料。
發掘與鑑定[編輯]
夏侯灶墓遺址被稱為雙古堆，位於安徽省阜陽市，於1977年7月在擴建阜陽機場時發現。[1]雙古堆位於阜陽市外約3km處，人們知道此處有古墓，但不能確定發掘工作有否計劃，還是臨時進行。[2]發掘工作由安徽省文物考古隊的兩名考古學家監督，發現了兩座墓，東面的1號墓有帶字文物。[1]寬4.1m的斜道通向一個南北長9.2m、東西寬7.65m的墓室，大約是1973年發現的馬王堆漢墓3號墓面積的一半。[3]
1號墓中發現的一些青銅器上記有墓主人女［汝］陰侯的名字。[2]汝陰侯是西漢初設立的新封爵，最早授予給夏侯嬰（？-172 BC）。考古學家確定該墓屬於夏侯嬰之子夏侯灶，也就是第二任汝陰侯。關於他的情況知之甚少，[4]可以確定卒於漢文帝十五年（公元前165年）。[5]
出土文物[編輯]
式盤[編輯]
雙古堆遺址有已知最早的式盤，是漢代廣泛使用的一種占卜器具。[6]這兩塊漆面星盤包含一個直徑9.5cm的可動圓盤，代表天球，裝在一個13.5×13.5cm的方形底座上，代表地面。[7]圓頂中心描繪着北斗七星，圓盤和底座邊緣都刻有助於占卜的星象。[8]
《楚辭》《韓非子》《淮南子》及一些兵書都提到了式盤的使用。[9]
另見[編輯]
注釋[編輯]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Shaughnessy 2014，第190頁.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Shaughnessy 2014，第190–91頁.
- ^ Shaughnessy 2014，第189–90頁.
- ^ Greatrex 1994，第98頁；Shaughnessy 2014，第191頁.
- ^ Shaughnessy 2014，第191頁.
- ^ Lewis 2006，第275 (earliest)頁；Dorofeeva-Lichtmann 2007，第294 ("cosmograph")頁；Tseng 2011，第47 (widely used)頁；Shaughnessy 2014，第190–91 ("two well-preserved diviner's boards")頁. A drawing of one of these boards first published in the Chinese journal Kaogu ("Archeology") in 1978, is reproduced in Harper 1999，第840頁; Dorofeeva-Lichtmann 2007，第294頁; and Tseng 2011，第49頁.
- ^ Harper 1999，第839 ("astrological instrument" and description)頁；Tseng 2011，第47 (lacquered) and 49 (measurements)頁.
- ^ Harper 1999，第839 (on help for divination) and 841 (on Northern Dipper as deity)頁；Tseng 2011，第47 (description of artifact)頁.
- ^ Harper 1999，第841–43頁.
書目[編輯]
引用文獻[編輯]
- Dorofeeva-Lichtmann, Vera, Spatial Organization of Ancient Chinese Texts (Preliminary Remarks), Chemla, Karine (編), History of Science, History of Text, Dordrecht: Springer: 3–49, 2004, ISBN 1-4020-2320-0.
- ———, Mapless Mapping: Did the Maps of the Shan hai jing Ever Exist?, Francesca Bray; Vera Dorofeeva-Lichtmann; Georges Métailié (編), Graphics and Text in the Production of Technical Knowledge in China: The Warp and the Weft, Leiden and Boston: E.J. Brill: 217–94, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-16063-7.
- Graziani, Romain, The subject and the sovereign: exploring the self in early Chinese self-cultivation, John Lagerwey; Mark Kalinowski (編), Early Chinese Religion. Part One: Shang through Han (1250 BC–220 AD), Leiden: Brill: 459–518, 2009, ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0.
- Greatrex, Roger, An Early Western Han Synonymicon: The Fuyang Copy of the Cang Jie pian, Joakim Enwall (編), Outstretched Leaves on His Bamboo Staff: Essays in Honour of Göran Malmqvist on his 70th Birthday, Stockholm: Association of Oriental Studies: 97–113, 1994, ISBN 91-970854-3-X.
- Harper, Donald, The Han Cosmic Board (shih 式), Early China, 1978–1979, 4: 1–10, JSTOR 23351383, doi:10.1017/S0362502800005836. – 透過JSTOR
- ———, Early Chinese Medical Literature: The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts, London and New York: Kegan Paul International, 1998, ISBN 0-7103-0582-6.
- ———, Warring States Natural Philosophy and Occult Thought, Michael Loewe; Edward L. Shaughnessy (編), The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 813–84, 1999, ISBN 0-521-47030-7.
- Hayhoe, Ruth, Education and Modernization: The Chinese Experience, Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press, 1992, ISBN 0-08-037411-5.
- Hsu, Elisabeth, Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine: The Telling Touch, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-51662-4.
- 胡平生, translated by Deborah Porter, Some Notes on the Organization of the Han Dynasty Bamboo 'Annals' Found at Fuyang, Early China, 1989, 14: 1–25, JSTOR 23351410, doi:10.1017/S0362502800002571. – 透過JSTOR
- Kalinowski, Marc, The Notion of "Shi" 式 and Some Related Terms in Qin-Han Calendrical Astrology, Early China, 2013, 35: 331–360, doi:10.1017/S0362502800000535.
- Kern, Martin, The Odes in Excavated Manuscripts, Martin Kern (編), Text and Ritual in Early China, Seattle: University of Washington Press: 149–93, 2005, ISBN 978-0-295-98787-3.
- Lewis, Mark Edward, The Construction of Space in Early China, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2006, ISBN 0-7914-6608-6.
- Sabban, Françoise, Quand la forme transcende l'objet. Histoire des pâtes alimentaires en Chine (IIIe siècle av. J.-C.–IIIe siècle apr. J.-C.) [When the form transcends the thing: history of pasta in China, 3rd century BC – 3rd century AD], Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 2000, 55 (4): 791–824 [2023-05-16], doi:10.3406/ahess.2000.279881, （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）.
- Shaughnessy, Edward L., The Fuyang Zhou Yi and the Making of a Divination Manual (PDF), Asia Major, Third Series, 2001, 14 (1): 7–18 [2023-05-16], （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-05-16）.
- ———, Unearthing the Changes: Recently Discovered Manuscripts of the Yi Jing (I Ching) and Related Texts, New York: Columbia University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-231-16184-8.
- Sterckx, Roel, The Animal and the Daemon in Early China, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2002, ISBN 0-7914-5270-0.
- Tseng, Lillian Lan-ying, Picturing Heaven in Early China, Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Asia Center, distributed by Harvard University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-674-06069-2.
- Unschuld, Paul U.; Zheng, Jinsheng, Manuscripts as sources in the history of Chinese medicine (translated from German by Mitch Cohen), Vivienne Lo; Christopher Cullen (編), Medieval Chinese Medicine: The Dunhuang medical manuscripts, New York: RoutledgeCurzon: 19–44, 2005, ISBN 0-415-34295-3.
- Vankeerberghen, Griet, The Tables (biao) in Sima Qian's Shi ji: Rhetoric and Remembrance, Francesca Bray; Vera Dorofeeva-Lichtmann; Georges Métailié (編), Graphics and Text in the Production of Technical Knowledge in China: The Warp and the Weft, Leiden and Boston: E,J. Brill: 295–311, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-16063-7.
- Wilkinson, Endymion, Chinese History: A Manual. Revised and enlarged, Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 2000, ISBN 0-674-00247-4.
閱讀更多[編輯]
- 阜陽漢簡整理組, [Organizing group for the Han-dynasty bamboo slips from Fuyang], 阜阳汉简《仓颉篇》, 文物, 1983, 1983 (2): 24–34.
- ———, 阜阳汉简《诗经》, 文物, 1984, 1984 (8): 1–12.
- ———, 阜阳汉简《万物》, 文物, 1988, 1988 (4): 36–54.
- 邢文, Hexagram Pictures and Early Yi Schools: Reconsidering the Book of Changes in Light of Excavated Yi Texts, Monumenta Serica: Journal of Oriental Studies, 2003, 51: 571–604, JSTOR 40727382, doi:10.1080/02549948.2003.11731403 – 透過JSTOR