寡家蚁属
寡家蚁属 | |
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| 一隻多樣寡家蟻（C.diversa）的大兵 | |
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科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
| 纲： | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
| 目： | 膜翅目 Hymenoptera |
| 科： | 蟻科 Formicidae |
| 亚科： | 家蟻亞科 Myrmicinae |
| 族： | 角腹蚁族 Crematogastrini |
| 属： | 寡家蚁属 Carebara Westwood,1840 |
| 模式種 | |
| 木盲切叶蚁 Carebara lignata Westwood,1840
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| 多样性[2] | |
| 245个现生种（含亚种），10个化石种。 | |
| 異名 | |
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寡家蟻屬（学名：Carebara）又称盲切葉蟻屬或重头蚁属 [2]，是家蟻亞科的一種屬。该属包含了世界上最小的蚂蚁 —— 原子盲切叶蚁（Carebara atoma）
描述
[编辑]该属是一个庞大的体系属，拥有 234个有效物种（包括 9个化石物种）和 22 个亚种。[11]
该属的物种几乎遍布全球，主要记录在热带和亚热带地区。部分物种在土壤或白蚁的土丘中筑巢，有些物种也会栖息在烂木中。盲切叶蚁属的大多数物种的体型十分微小，并且常年居住在地底，主要以死昆虫和其他无脊椎动物为食。[11]
然而，一些物种是具有大规模掠夺习性的侵略性地面捕食者（俗称行军蚁，但不是真正意义上的行军蚁），例如已经被撤销的巨首蚁属（Pheidologeton）。目前关于盲切叶蚁的行为学和生命周期的研究仍然有限。[11]
该属根据木盲切叶蚁（Carebara lignata）建立，同时也是该属的模式种。它在成立初期被纳入了一个独立的亚科：Attidae，但该亚科现已撤销。后来，该属的分类学地位在部落中经历了几次变化：
Solenopsidini (Forel 1893)
巨首蚁族 Pheidologetini Emery, 1914
巨首蚁属群 Pheidologeton genus group
由于不同种姓和多态性的记录不完整。以下分类被认为是盲切叶蚁属的异名：
- Aeromyrma Forel, 1891
- Afroxyidris Belshaw & Bolton, 1994
- Amauromyrmex Wheeler, W.M., 1929
- Aneleus Emery, 1900
- Crateropsis Patrizi, 1948
- Erebomyrma Wheeler, W.M., 1903
- Hendecatella Wheeler, W.M., 1927
- Idrisella Santschi, 1937
- Lecanomyrma Forel, 1913
- Neoblepharidatta Sheela & Narendran, 1997
- Nimbamyrma Bernard, 1953
- 稀切叶蚁属 Oligomyrmex Mayr, 1867
- Paedalgus Forel
- Parvimyrma Eguchi & Bui
- 巨首蚁属 Pheidologeton Mayr, 1862 拟大头家蚁属
- Solenops Karavaiev, 1930
- Spelaeomyrmex Wheeler, W.M., 1922
- Sporocleptes Arnold, 1948
最终，基于对 11个基因的全面系统发育分析，该属被纳入了举腹蚁族之下。
属的级别的分类学变化已经取代了盲切叶蚁属的一些早期区域修订。此外，缺乏全面的修订，尤其是对旧世界物种的修订，给物种识别带来了困难。为了解决这些问题，研究者对以下区域进行了研究：印度、沙特阿拉伯、非洲热带地区、巴西、马达加斯加和澳大利亚。关于种团的研究最初集中在新大陆物种上，Fernández 回顾了美国物种，并根据工蚁种姓的形态提出了五个物种群。在旧世界，Bharti 和 Kumar 于2013年首次研究了盲切叶蚁属的种群。他们将11个印度物种分为三组，基于 C. asina 的无眼小型工蚁将 C. concinna 种团与木盲切叶蚁种团（C. lignata species group）融合 。
Fischer 等人于2014年建立了 C. polita 种团，该种团与巨首蚁具有形态相似性，包括6个非洲热带物种和2个新热带物种。本研究还将巨首蚁属与盲切叶蚁属同义。后来 Fischer 等人于 2015年建立了 phragmotica 种团，Hosoishi 等人于 2022年提出了 acutispina 种团，但是这两个种团都包括了C. phragmotic。
毒性
[编辑]矮盲切叶蚁具有毒液。在泰国西部的一次田间调查中，一位收集者不小心被这个蚂蚁蛰伤了。并在几分钟后内出现瘙痒的皮疹，并在两天内出现水泡。[12]
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手在几分钟内出现红疹（A）
两天后内出现水泡（B）
- Carebara aberrans (Santschi, 1937)
- Carebara aborensis (Wheeler, 1913)
- Carebara abuhurayri Sharaf & Aldawood, 2011
- Carebara acuta (Weber, 1952)
- 尖刺盲切叶蚁 Carebara acutispina (Xu, 2003)
- Carebara adisaki Wimolsuthikul & Jaitrong, 2024
- 近缘盲切叶蚁 Carebara affinis Jerdon, 1851 相邻寡家蚁
- Carebara affinis javana Emery, 1893
- Carebara affinis minor Emery, 1900
- Carebara affinis spinosior Forel, 1911
- Carebara affinis sumatrensis Forel, 1913
- Carebara afghana (Pisarski, 1970)
- 非洲盲切叶蚁 Carebara africana (Forel, 1910)
- Carebara alluaudi (Santschi, 1913)
- Carebara alluaudi cataractae Santschi, 1919
- 阿尔珀特盲切叶蚁 Carebara alperti Fernández, 2010
- Carebara alpha (Forel, 1905)
- 高结盲切叶蚁 Carebara altinoda Xu, 2003
- 阿美盲切叶蚁 Carebara amia Forel, 1913 阿美寡家蚁、阿美稀切叶蚁
- Carebara ampla Santschi, 1912
- 安戈尔盲切叶蚁 Carebara angolensis (Santschi, 1914)
- Carebara angulata Fernández, 2004
- Carebara anophthalma (Emery, 1906)
- †Carebara antiqua (Mayr, 1868)
- Carebara arabara Fernández, 2010
- Carebara arabica (Collingwood & Van Harten, 2001)
- Carebara armata (Donisthorpe, 1948)
- Carebara arnoldi (Forel, 1913)
- Carebara arnoldiella (Santschi, 1919)
- 凶恶盲切叶蚁 Carebara asina Forel, 1902
- 原子盲切叶蚁 Carebara atoma (Emery, 1900)
- Carebara audita Fernández, 2004
- Carebara bara Azorsa & Fisher, 2018
- Carebara bartrumi Weber, 1943
- 孟加拉盲切叶蚁 Carebara bengalensis Forel, 1902 孟加拉稀切叶蚁
- Carebara beta (Forel, 1905)
- Carebara bicarinata Santschi, 1912
- 双角盲切叶蚁 Carebara bihornata (Xu, 2003)
- †Carebara bohemica (Novák, 1877)
- Carebara borealis (Terayama, 1996)
- Carebara bouvardi (Santschi, 1913)
- Carebara brasiliana Fernández, 2004
- Carebara brevipilosa Fernández, 2004
- Carebara bruchi (Santschi, 1933)
- 布氏盲切叶蚁 Carebara bruni Forel, 191
- Carebara butteli (Forel, 1913)
- 卷须盲切叶蚁 Carebara capreola Wheeler, 1927
- 卷须盲切叶蚁滑头亚种 Carebara capreola laeviceps
- Carebara carinata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
- 栗色盲切叶蚁 Carebara castanea Smith, 1858
- Carebara castanea augustata Santschi, 1920
- 锡兰盲切叶蚁 Carebara ceylonensis (Forel, 1911) 锡兰寡家蚁
- Carebara coeca Fernández, 2004
- 平头盲切叶蚁 Carebara colobopsis Hosoishi & Yamane, 2022
- Carebara concinna (Mayr, 1867)
- Carebara convexa (Weber, 1950)
- Carebara coqueta Fernández, 2006
- Carebara cornigera (Forel, 1902)
寡妇盲切叶蚁（C. vidua） - Carebara crassiuscula (Emery, 1900)
- 网纹盲切叶蚁 Carebara cribriceps (Wheeler, 1927)
- Carebara crigensis (Belshaw & Bolton, 1994)
- 弯刺盲切叶蚁 Carebara curvispina (Xu, 2003)
- Carebara debilis (Santschi, 1913)
- 齿盲切叶蚁 Carebara dentata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
- 齿突盲切叶蚁 Carebara dentiviris
- Carebara deponens (Walker, 1859)
- Carebara diabola (Santschi, 1913)
- Carebara diabolica (Baroni Urbani, 1969)
- Carebara distincta (Bolton & Belshaw, 1993)
- 多样寡家蚁 Carebara diversa Jerdon, 1851 全异盲切叶蚁
- 龙盲切叶蚁 Carebara diversa draco Santschi, 1920
- 全异盲切叶蚁老挝亚种 Carebara diversa laotina Santschi, 1920
- 全异盲切叶蚁麦氏亚种 Carebara diversa macgregori Wheeler, W.M., 1929
- Carebara diversa philippina Wheeler, W.M., 1929
- Carebara diversa standfussi Forel, 1911
- Carebara diversa taprobanae Smith, F., 1858
- Carebara diversa tenuirugosa Wheeler, W.M., 1929
- 全异盲切叶蚁威氏亚种 Carebara diversa williamsi Wheeler, W.M., 1929
- Carebara donisthorpei (Weber, 1950)
- Carebara dota Azorsa & Fisher, 2018
- Carebara elmenteitae (Patrizi, 1948)
- 细长盲切叶蚁 Carebara elongata Fernández, 2004
- Carebara erythraea (Emery, 1915)
- Carebara escherichi (Forel, 1911)
- Carebara fayrouzae Sharaf, 2013
- Carebara frontalis (Weber, 1950)
- Carebara globularia Fernández, 2004
- 格氏盲切叶蚁 Carebara grandidieri (Forel, 1891)
- 粒沟盲切叶蚁 Carebara granulatus
- Carebara guineana Fernández, 2006
- 般若盲切叶蚁 Carebara hannya (Terayama, 1996)
- Carebara hornata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
- 湖南盲切叶蚁 Carebara hunanenis Wu et Wang, 1995
- Carebara inca Fernández, 2004
- Carebara incerta (Santschi, 1919)
- Carebara incierta Fernández, 2004
- Carebara infima (Santschi, 1913)
- Carebara intermedia Fernández, 2004
- 雅氏盲切叶蚁 Carebara jacobsoni (Forel, 1911)
- Carebara jajoby Azorsa & Fisher, 2018
- Carebara jeanneli (Santschi, 1913)
- 江西盲切叶蚁 Carebara jinagxiensis Wu et Wang, 1995
- Carebara junodi Forel, 1904
- 卡米盲切叶蚁 Carebara khamiensis (Arnold, 1952)
- Carebara kofana Fernández, 2004
- Carebara kunensis (Ettershank, 1966)
- 滑头盲切叶蚁 Carebara laeviceps Liu & Zhong, 2024
- Carebara lamellifrons (Forel, 1902)
- 郎氏盲切叶蚁 Carebara langi Wheeler, 1922
- 宽结盲切叶蚁 Carebara latinoda Zhou & Zheng, 1997
- Carebara latro (Santschi, 1937)
- Carebara leei (Forel, 1902)
- 木盲切叶蚁 Carebara lignata Westwood,1840 模式种
- 长头盲切叶蚁 Carebara longiceps (Santschi, 1929)
- Carebara longii (Wheeler, 1903)
- Carebara lucida (Santschi, 1917)
- 光亮盲切叶蚁 Carebara lusciosa (Wheeler,1928)
- Carebara majeri Fernández, 2004
- Carebara manni (Donisthorpe, 1941)
- Carebara mayri (Forel, 1901)
- 黑沟盲切叶蚁 Carebara melasolena Zhou et Zheng,1997
- Carebara menozzii (Ettershank, 1966)
- Carebara minima (Emery, 1900)
- Carebara minuta Fernández, 2004
- Carebara mjobergi (Forel, 1915)
- Carebara nana (Santschi, 1919)
- 南宁盲切叶蚁 Carebara nanningensis
- Carebara nayana (Sheela & Narendran, 1997)
- †Carebara nitida (Dlussky & Perkovsky, 2002)
- 诺福克盲切叶蚁 Carebara norfolkensis (Donisthorpe, 1941)
- Carebara nosindambo (Forel, 1891)
- Carebara nuda Fernández, 2004
- 钝齿盲切叶蚁 Carebara obtusidenta (Xu, Z., 2003)
- Carebara octata (Bolton & Belshaw, 1993)
- Carebara oertzeni (Forel, 1886)
- 恩氏盲切叶蚁 Carebara oni (Terayama, 1996)
- Carebara osborni Wheeler, 1922
- 奥氏盲切叶蚁 Carebara overbecki (Viehmeyer, 1916)
- Carebara paeta (Santschi, 1937)
- Carebara panamensis (Wheeler, 1925)
- 帕氏盲切叶蚁 Carebara patrizii Menozzi, 1927
- Carebara paya Fernández, 2004
- Carebara perpusilla (Emery, 1895)
- Carebara peruviana (Emery, 1906)
- Carebara petulca (Wheeler, 1922)
- Carebara pilosa Fernández, 2004
- Carebara pisinna (Bolton & Belshaw, 1993)
- 光滑盲切叶蚁 Carebara polita (Santschi, 1914)
- 多音盲切叶蚁 Carebara polyphemus (Wheeler,1928)
- Carebara propomegata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
- 拟亮盲切叶蚁 Carebara pseudolusciosa (Wu et Wang,1995)
- 矮人盲切叶蚁 Carebara pumilia Fischer, Azorsa et Fisher, 2014
- 斑点盲切叶蚁 Carebara punctata (Karavaiev, 1931)
- 矮盲切叶蚁 Carebara pygmaea (Emery, 1887)
- Carebara pygmaea densistriata (Stitz, 1925)
- 千里眼盲切叶蚁 Carebara qianliyan Terayama, 2009
- Carebara raja (Forel, 1902)
- Carebara rara (Bolton & Belshaw, 1993)
- Carebara rectangulata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
- 直背盲切叶蚁 Carebara rectidorsa (Xu, 2003)
- Carebara reina Fernández, 2004
- 纹头盲切叶蚁 Carebara reticapita (Xu, 2003)
- Carebara reticulata Fernández, 2004
- Carebara robertsoni (Bolton & Belshaw, 1993)
- Carebara rothneyi (Forel, 1902)
- Carebara rugata (Forel, 1913)
- 坂本盲切叶蚁 Carebara sakamotoi Terayama, Lin et Eguchi, 2012
- 桑氏盲切叶蚁 Carebara sangi (Eguchi & Bui, 2007)
- Carebara santschii (Weber, 1943)
- Carebara sarasinorum (Emery, 1901)
- Carebara sarita (Bolton & Belshaw, 1993)
- Carebara satana (Karavaiev, 1935)
- 邵氏盲切叶蚁 Carebara sauteri Forel, 1912 邵氏寡家蚁
- Carebara semilaevis (Mayr, 1901)
- Carebara sicheli Mayr, 1862
- 西氏寡家蚁 Carebara silvestrii Santschi,1914 西氏盲切叶蚁
- Carebara simalurensis (Forel, 1915)
- Carebara similis (Mayr, 1862)
- Carebara sinhala Fischer, Azorsa & Fisher, 2014
- Carebara sodalis (Emery, 1914)
- †Carebara sophiae (Emery, 1891)
- Carebara spinata Bharti & Kumar, 2013
- Carebara stenoptera (Kusnezov, 1952)
- 条纹盲切叶蚁 Carebara striata (Xu, 2003)
- Carebara sublatro (Forel, 1913)
- Carebara subreptor (Emery, 1900)
- 苏丹盲切叶蚁 Carebara sudanensis (Weber, 1943)
- Carebara sudanica Santschi, 1933
- Carebara sundaica (Forel, 1913)
- Carebara tahitiensis (Wheeler, 1936)
- 大埔盲切叶蚁 Carebara taiponica (Wheeler, 1928)
- Carebara tana Azorsa & Fisher, 2018
- Carebara taprobanae (Forel, 1911)
- Carebara tenua Fernández, 2004
- Carebara termitolestes (Wheeler, 1918)
- Carebara thoracica (Weber, 1950)
- †Carebara thorali (Théobald, 1937)
- Carebara traegaordhi (Santschi, 1914)
- 粗纹盲切叶蚁 Carebara trechideros Zhou et Zheng, 1997
- †Carebara ucrainica (Dlussky & Perkovsky, 2002)
- Carebara ugandana (Santschi, 1923)
- Carebara urichi (Wheeler, 1922)
- 红盲切叶蚁 Carebara vespillo Wheeler, 1921
- Carebara vidua Smith, 1858
- Carebara vidua fur Santschi, 1928
- Carebara viehmeyeri (Mann, 1919)
- Carebara villiersi (Bernard, 1953)
- Carebara voeltzkowi (Forel, 1907)
- Carebara vorax (Santschi, 1914)
- Carebara weyeri (Karavaiev, 1930)
- 惠勒盲切叶蚁 Carebara wheeleri (Ettershank, 1966)
- Carebara wroughtonii (Forel, 1902)
- 大和盲切叶蚁 Carebara yamatonis (Terayama, 1996)
- 矢野盲切叶蚁 Carebara yanoi Forel, 1912 矢野寡家蚁
- 增城盲切叶蚁 Carebara zengchengensis (Zhou, Zhao et Jia,2006)
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参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Barden, P. 2017. Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages. Myrmecological News 24: 1-30.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Carebara(重头蚁属/盲切叶蚁属). 蚂蚁网 ants-china.com.
- ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Fernández, F. 2004a. The American species of the myrmicine ant genus Carebara Westwood (Hymentoptera: Formicidae). Caldasia 26(1): 191-238 (page 194, Carebara senior synonym of Aeromyrma, Afroxyidris, Aneleus, Crateropsis, Erebomyrma, Hendecatella, Lecanomyrma, Neoblepharidatta, Nimbamyrma, Oligomyrmex, Paedalgus, Solenops, Spelaeomyrmex, Sporocleptes)
- ^ Forel, A. 1893b. Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 37: 161-167 (page 164, Carebara in Myrmicinae, Solenopsidini)
- ^ Fischer, G., Azorsa, F. & Fisher, B.L. 2014. The ant genus Carebara Westwood (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): synonymisation of Pheidologeton Mayr under Carebara, establishment and revision of the C. polita species group. ZooKeys 438:57–112. doi:10.3897/zookeys.438.7922
- ^ Ettershank, G. 1966. A generic revision of the world Myrmicinae related to Solenopsis and Pheidologeton (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Aust. J. Zool. 14: 73-171 (page 115, Idrisella as junior synonym of Pheidologeton)
- ^ Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 217, Idrisella as junior synonym of Pheidologeton)
- ^ Bingham, C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. London: Taylor and Francis, 506 pp. (page 160, Phidologeton; Unjustified emendation of Pheidologeton)
- ^ Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 217, Phidologeton as junior synonym of Pheidologeton)
- ^ Wheeler, W. M. 1922j. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VIII. A synonymic list of the ants of the Ethiopian region. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 711-1004 (page 880, Phidologeton as junior synonym of Pheidologeton)
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Liu Z-y, Zhong Y, Huang Y-y, Ran H, Song F (2024) A new ant species of the genus Carebara Westwood, 1840 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) with a key to Chinese species. ZooKeys 1190: 1-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1190.110552
- ^ Wimolsuthikul, C., Yamane, S., Samung, Y., Jaitrong, W. 2024. A revision of the Carebara pygmaea (Emery, 1887) species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Thailand. Zootaxa, 54811, 79–100 (doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5481.1.5).
- ^ 251 Valid Extant Species (168 imaged). AntWeb.