网络广播
网络广播（英語：Webcast）是使用流媒体技术、通过互联网将单个内容源分发给众多同时收听或观看者的媒体呈现方式。网络广播可以是实况或按需分发。基本上，网络广播是通过互联网进行“广播”。
大型的网络广播平台包括现有的广播电台和电视台（通过在线电视或广播的流媒体同步广播），以及大量仅限于互联网平台的“电台”。网络广播通常包括提供非交互式线性流或事件。权利和许可机构向希望使用受版权保护的材料进行互联网广播的人提供具体的“网络广播许可”。
网络广播在商业部门广泛应用于投资者关系介绍（如年度大会）、信息化教学（传送研讨会）和相关通信活动。然而，网络会议与网络会议不太相同，网络会议通常是为多对多互动而设计。[1]
廉价、易访问的网络广播技术已使独立媒体蓬勃发展。已有不少引人关注的独立节目通过广播定期在线播放。这些节目通常由普通市民在家中制作，范围涵盖有关计算机、技术、新闻等诸多兴趣和主题，并在不断增加新的节目。
网络广播与播客的不同之处在于，网络广播是直播，而播客是将媒体文件上传、存放到互联网上。[2]
历史
网络广播本质为通过互联网分发媒体文件。最早的网络广播相当于一个在线的音樂會，最早的一个例子是蘋果公司与企业家Michael Dorf和Andrew Rasiej合作的网络广播组。他们与苹果公司的David B. Pakman在1995年7月17日至22日合作推出了麦金托什纽约音乐节。此活动的音频网络广播由超过15个纽约市的俱乐部合办。
1995年，Benford E. Standley制作了历史上第一批音频/视频网络广播（之一）。[4]
On October 31, 1996, UK rock band Caduseus broadcast their one-hour concert from 11pm to 12am (UT) at Celtica in Machynlleth, Wales, UK – the first live streamed audio and simultaneous live streamed video multicast – around the globe to more than twenty direct "mirrors" in more than twenty countries.[5][6]
In September 1997, Nebraska Public Television started webcasting Big Red Wrap Up from Lincoln, Nebraska which combined highlights from every Cornhusker football game, coverage of the coaches' weekly press conferences, analysis with Nebraska sportswriters, appearances by special guests and questions and answers with viewers.[7]
1998年8月13日，一般意义上的第一次网络广播婚礼由Alan K'necht与Carrie Silverman在加拿大多伦多举办。[8][9]
On October 22, 1998, the first Billy Graham Crusade was broadcast live to a worldwide audience from the Raymond James Stadium in Tampa Florida courtesy of Dale Ficken and the WebcastCenter in Pennsylvania. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website.[10]
The first teleconferenced/webcast wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31, 1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, and were married by Jerry Falwell while he sat in his office in 林奇堡.[11]
Virtually all major broadcasters now have a webcast of their output, from the BBC to CNN to Al Jazeera to UNTV in television to Radio China, Vatican Radio,[12] United Nations Radio and the World Service in radio.
On November 4, 1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen.[13] On November 7, 1994, WXYC, the college radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet.[14]网络广播
有一类网络广播是对婚礼的广播。[15][16]它使夫妇的家人和朋友可以在互联网上实时观看婚礼。它有时用于在异国举办的婚礼，例如坎昆和Riviera Maya、夏威夷州或加勒比，因为其他人一同旅行来亲自参加婚礼是相当昂贵和困难的。[15]
通过网络广播播放葬礼也是一些殡仪馆提供的服务。虽然它已存在近十年，更便宜的宽带、旅行费用上涨以及对伊拉克和阿富汗的部署都导致了这种现象的增加。[17]
参见
参考资料
- ^ Shiao, Dennis. Webcasting 101: Planning and Executing High Quality Webcasts. INXPO. 26 December 2012 [15 May 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-27）.
- ^ Overview of Webcasting and Podcasting. WebMarketCentral. [15 May 2013].
- ^ Heavy Metal Metallica Plans to Rock Cyberspace: Apple Computer to 'Webcast' band's concert. San Francisco, CA, USA: SFGate. May 30, 1996 [2017-01-09]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-21）.
- ^ Benford "Buffalo" Earl Sandley. Digital Media Festival.
- ^ Internet Innovators (PDF). BBC. November 24, 2005.
- ^ CADUSEUS – BBC news feature. January 12, 2010.
- ^ Big Red Wrap-Up Now on World Wide Web. Scarlet (University of Nebraska-Lincoln). September 26, 1997. （原始内容存档于2016年11月16日）.
- ^ Year in reviews August. Montreal, CA: The Montreal Mirror. December 25, 1998 [2008-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-01）.
- ^ Various TV News Clips. Online (Toronto, CA: Various). August 13, 1998.
- ^ Graham, Billy. Occupying Till He Returns (PDF). BillyGraham.org.
- ^ Gibb, Tom. Hollidaysburg couple plans to be virtually wed on the Web. Post-Gazette. 31 December 1998.
- ^ Radio, Vatican, [2017-01-09], （原始内容存档于2004-03-24）.
- ^ First Webcast. Jet-Stream. November 4, 1994. （原始内容存档于2012年4月25日）.
- ^ Grossman, Wendy. Communications: Picture the scene. Online (Manchester, United Kingdom: The Guardian). January 26, 1995: 4.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Blanton, Kimberly. Can't make the ceremony? Watch the wedcast. The International Herald Tribune / The Boston Globe. October 22, 2007.
- ^ Lee-St. John, Jeninne. Wedcasting. Time. December 6, 2007.
- ^ Funeral webcasting is alive and well, Spectrum (IEEE).
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