平腹蛛科
平腹蛛科 化石时期：
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| Callilepis nocturna, a ground spider found in the Palearctic ecozone | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
| 纲： | 蛛形纲 Arachnida |
| 目： | 蜘蛛目 Araneae |
| 亚目： | 背突蛛亞目 Opisthothelae |
| 下目： | 新蛛亞目 Araneomorphae |
| 演化支： | 复杂生殖器类 Entelegynae |
| 演化支： | Dionycha Dionycha |
| 总科： | 鷲蛛總科 Gnaphosoidea |
| 科： | 平腹蛛科 Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898 |
| 多样性 | |
| 158個屬，共3057個物種 | |
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平腹蛛科（學名：Gnaphosidae）[1]，又名鷲蛛科[2]，包括有約110個屬[3]、接近2000個已描述的物種，其多樣性在目前所有蜘蛛的科排行第7大[4]。常見的屬計有：平腹蛛屬（Gnaphosa）、Drassodes, Micaria, Cesonia、狂蛛屬（Zelotes）等。這些物種均與袋蛛科關係密切[5]。截至現在本科物種沒有已知含有會毒害人類的毒液的物種。
形態描述及習性
如同其他同屬新蛛亞目的複雜生殖器類物種，不科物種皆有八隻眼。
所有平腹蛛科物種不會結捕捉獵物的網，一般只會沿着平面去追趕獵物。牠們普遍在晚間捕獵，日間躲藏於絲質的避靜處[5]。
分類
屬
截至2019年4月[update]，World Spider Catalog接納以下各屬為本科的成員[6]（中文譯名參考：宋大祥; 朱明生; 张锋 (编). 《中国动物志》 (PDF). 无脊椎动物 第39卷 蛛形纲 蜘蛛目 平腹蛛科. 科學出版社. 2004-08: 536 pp. [2020-12-24]. ISBN 703013267X （中文（简体））. [1]）：
- Allomicythus Ono, 2009 — Vietnam
- 异狂蛛属 Allozelotes Yin & Peng, 1998：見於中國四川、雲南一帶[1]:19-22。
- Almafuerte Grismado & Carrión, 2017 — Bolivia, Argentina, Uruguay
- 阿馬遜蛛屬 Amazoromus Brescovit & Höfer, 1994：見於巴西阿馬遜州中部[7]。
- Amusia Tullgren, 1910 — South Africa
- Anagraphis Simon, 1893 — Africa, Asia, Europe
- Anagrina Berland, 1920 — Niger
- Aneplasa Tucker, 1923 — South Africa, Angola
- Anzacia Dalmas, 1919 — Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea
- 秘蛛屬 Aphantaulax Simon, 1878[1]:23-24：分佈於亞洲、非洲、澳大利亞及法國。
- Apodrassodes Vellard, 1924 — South America, Mexico, India
- Apodrassus Chamberlin, 1916 — Peru
- Apopyllus Platnick & Shadab, 1984 — South America, Mexico
- Aracus Thorell, 1887 — Myanmar
- Arauchemus Ott & Brescovit, 2012 — Brazil
- Asemesthes Simon, 1887 — Africa
- Asiabadus Roewer, 1961 — Afghanistan
- Australoechemus Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 — Cape Verde Is.
- Austrodomus Lawrence, 1947 — South Africa
- Benoitodes Platnick, 1993 — St. Helena
- Berinda Roewer, 1928 — Greece, Turkey, Cyprus
- 伯兰蛛属 Berlandina Dalmas, 1922[1]:26-30：分佈於亞洲、非洲及歐洲。
- Brasilomma Brescovit, Ferreira & Rheims, 2012
- Cabanadrassus Mello-Leitão, 1941 — Argentina
- 美蛛屬 Callilepis Westring, 1874[1]:32-35：分佈於亞洲、北美洲及歐洲。
- Callipelis Zamani & Marusik, 2017 — Iran
- Camillina Berland, 1919 — Asia, Central America, South America, Africa, North America, Italy, Caribbean
- Canariognapha Wunderlich, 2011 — Canary Is.
- Caudalia Alayón, 1980 — Cuba
- Ceryerda Simon, 1909 — Australia
- Cesonia Simon, 1893 — Greece, Turkey, North America, Central America, Caribbean
- Chatzakia Lissner & Bosmans, 2016 — Spain
- Chileomma Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005
- Chileuma Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005
- Chilongius Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005
- Civizelotes Senglet, 2012 — Asia, Morocco, Europe
- Cladothela Kishida, 1928 — Japan, China, Korea
- Coillina Yin & Peng, 1998 — China
- 韩掠蛛属 Coreodrassus Paik, 1984：只見於朝鮮半島[1]:46。
- Cryptodrassus Miller, 1943 — Europe, Asia
- Cryptoerithus Rainbow, 1915 — Australia
- Cubanopyllus Alayón & Platnick, 1993 — Cuba
- Diaphractus Purcell, 1907 — South Africa, Namibia
- 掠蛛属 Drassodes Westring, 1851[1]:47-57：分佈於非洲、南北美洲、亞洲及歐洲。
- Drassodex Murphy, 2007 — Spain, France, Switzerland
- 近狂蛛属 Drassyllus Chamberlin, 1922[8]:77-88：分佈於北美洲、亞洲及歐洲。
- Echemella Strand, 1906 — Congo, Ethiopia
- Echemographis Caporiacco, 1955 — Venezuela
- Echemoides Mello-Leitão, 1938 — South America
- Echemus Simon, 1878 — Sweden, Asia, Australia, Africa, Brazil
- Eilica Keyserling, 1891 — Australia, South America, United States, Central America, Caribbean, Africa, India
- Eleleis Simon, 1893 — South Africa
- Encoptarthria Main, 1954 — Australia
- Epicharitus Rainbow, 1916 — Australia
- Fedotovia Charitonov, 1946 — Mongolia, Iran, Afghanistan
- Gertschosa Platnick & Shadab, 1981 — North America, Panama, Jamaica
- Gnaphosa Latreille, 1804 — Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, Guatemala, Cuba
- 单蛛属 Haplodrassus
- Haplodrassus Chamberlin, 1922：分佈於歐洲、亞洲、北美洲及非洲。
- Herpyllus Hentz, 1832 — Argentina, North America, Asia
- Heser Tuneva, 2004 — Asia, Spain, Africa, North America
- Hitobia Kamura, 1992 — Asia
- Homoeothele Simon, 1908 — Australia
- 香港蛛屬 Hongkongia Song & Zhu, 1998[3]：分佈於香港、印尼的蘇拉威西島及中國大陸。
- Hypodrassodes Dalmas, 1919 — New Zealand, Australia
- Ibala Fitzpatrick, 2009 — Africa
- Intruda Forster, 1979 — Australia, New Zealand
- Iranotricha Zamani & Marusik, 2018 — Iran
- Kaitawa Forster, 1979 — New Zealand
- Katumbea Cooke, 1964 — Tanzania
- Kishidaia Yaginuma, 1960 — Asia, Italy
- Ladissa Simon, 1907 — Sierra Leone, India, Benin
- Laronius Platnick & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Thailand, Indonesia
- Lasophorus Chatzaki, 2018 — Greece
- Latonigena Simon, 1893 — South America
- Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 — Africa, Europe, Asia
- Leptodrassus Simon, 1878 — Europe, Asia, Africa, Mexico
- Leptopilos Levy, 2009 — Greece, Asia, Libya
- Litopyllus Chamberlin, 1922 — United States, Cuba, Mexico
- Lygromma Simon, 1893 — South America, Central America, Caribbean, Mexico
- Lygrommatoides Strand, 1918 — Japan
- Macarophaeus Wunderlich, 2011 —
- Marjanus Chatzaki, 2018
- Matua Forster, 1979 — New Zealand
- Megamyrmaekion Reuss, 1834 — Africa, Asia, Australia
- Micaria Westring, 1851 — Asia, North America, Africa, Europe, Australia
- Microdrassus Dalmas, 1919 — Seychelles
- Microsa Platnick & Shadab, 1977 — Cuba
- Micythus Thorell, 1897 — Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia
- Minosia Dalmas, 1921 — Africa, Asia, Europe
- Minosiella Dalmas, 1921 — Asia, Africa
- Molycria Simon, 1887 — Australia
- Montebello Hogg, 1914 — Australia
- Moreno Mello-Leitão, 1940 — Argentina
- Myandra Simon, 1887 — Australia
- Namundra Platnick & Bird, 2007 — Namibia, Angola
- Nauhea Forster, 1979 — New Zealand
- Neodrassex Ott, 2012 — Brazil, Argentina
- Neozimiris Simon, 1903 — Panama, North America, South America
- Nodocion Chamberlin, 1922 — North America, India
- Nomindra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia
- Nomisia Dalmas, 1921 — Asia, Africa, Europe
- Nopyllus Ott, 2014 — Brazil
- Notiodrassus Bryant, 1935 — New Zealand
- Odontodrassus Jézéquel, 1965 — Africa, Asia, Jamaica
- Oltacloea Mello-Leitão, 1940 — Brazil, Argentina
- Orodrassus Chamberlin, 1922 — United States, Canada
- Parabonna Mello-Leitão, 1947 — Brazil
- Paracymbiomma Rodrigues, Cizauskas & Rheims, 2018
- Parasyrisca Schenkel, 1963 — Europe, Asia, North America
- Phaeocedus Simon, 1893 — Asia, Europe
- Plutonodomus Cooke, 1964 — Tanzania
- Poecilochroa Westring, 1874 — Asia, Africa, South America, Europe
- Prodida Dalmas, 1919 — Philippines, Seychelles
- Prodidomus Hentz, 1847 — Asia, Australia, Africa, Cuba, Europe, South America, United States
- Pseudodrassus Caporiacco, 1935 — China, Libya, Turkey
- Pterotricha Kulczyński, 1903 — Africa, Asia, Europe
- Pterotrichina Dalmas, 1921 — Algeria
- Purcelliana Cooke, 1964 — South Africa
- Sanitubius Kamura, 2001 — China, Korea, Japan
- Scopoides Platnick, 1989 — North America, Asia
- Scotocesonia Caporiacco, 1947 — Guyana
- Scotognapha Dalmas, 1920 —
- Scotophaeus Simon, 1893 — Europe, Africa, Asia, South America, New Zealand
- Sergiolus Simon, 1892 — North America, Caribbean, Asia
- Sernokorba Kamura, 1992 — Asia, Europe
- Setaphis Simon, 1893 — Spain, Africa, Asia
- Shaitan Kovblyuk, Kastrygina & Marusik, 2013
- Shiragaia Paik, 1992 — Korea
- Sidydrassus Esyunin & Tuneva, 2002 — Asia
- Smionia Dalmas, 1920 — South Africa
- Sosticus Chamberlin, 1922 — North America, Asia
- Symphanodes Rainbow, 1916 — Australia
- Synaphosus Platnick & Shadab, 1980 — Asia, Africa, North America, Greece
- Talanites Simon, 1893 — Asia, North America, Ukraine
- Talanitoides Levy, 2009 — Israel
- Theuma Simon, 1893 — South Africa, Namibia
- Theumella Strand, 1906 — Ethiopia
- Titus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901 — Zimbabwe
- Tivodrassus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 — Mexico
- Trachyzelotes Lohmander, 1944 — Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, South America, Samoa
- Trephopoda Tucker, 1923 — South Africa, Namibia
- Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 — South Africa, Namibia
- Tricongius Simon, 1893 — Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia
- Turkozelotes Kovblyuk & Seyyar, 2009 — Greece, Asia
- Urozelotes Mello-Leitão, 1938 — Zambia, Europe, Asia
- Verita Ramírez & Grismado, 2016 — Argentina
- Wesmaldra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia
- Wydundra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia, Malaysia
- Xerophaeus Purcell, 1907 — Africa, Yemen
- 西藏蛛屬 Xizangia Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004 — China
- Zelanda Özdikmen, 2009 — New Zealand
- Zelominor Snazell & Murphy, 1997 — Portugal, Spain, Algeria
- 狂蛛屬 Zelotes Gistel, 1848：見於亞洲、北美洲、歐洲、非洲、南美洲、澳大利亞及加勒比海
- Zelotibia Russell-Smith & Murphy, 2005 — Africa
- Zelowan Murphy & Russell-Smith, 2010 — Congo, Burundi, Namibia
- Zimirina Dalmas, 1919 — Europe, Africa, Egypt
- Zimiris Simon, 1882 — Asia, Africa, Mexico, Brazil, Germany
- Zimiromus Banks, 1914 — Central America, South America, Caribbean, Mexico
圖庫
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Unidentified species. -
Spinnerets of an Eastern parson spider (Herpyllus ecclesiasticus) in the family Gnaphosidae. -
Endites and labium (also fangs and sternum) of an Eastern parson spider.
參看
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 宋大祥; 朱明生; 张锋 (编). 《中国动物志》 (PDF). 无脊椎动物 第39卷 蛛形纲 蜘蛛目 平腹蛛科. 科學出版社. 2004-08: 536 pp. [2020-12-24]. ISBN 703013267X （中文（简体））.
- ^ 鷲蛛科 Family Gnaphosidae. 臺灣生命大百科. 2017-02-21 [2019-11-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-06） （中文（繁體））.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 宋大祥; 朱明生. 香港蜘蛛一新属二新种(平腹蛛科,圆颚蛛科). 河北师范大学学报（自然科學）. 1998-01, 22 (1): 104–108 [2020-12-25] （中文（简体））.
- ^ Blick; et al. Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe. (Arachnida: Araneae) (PDF). 2004 [2019-11-02]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-12-25）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Nieuwenhuys, Ed. Spiders of NW-Europe. 2000 [2007-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2006-12-08）.
- ^ Family: Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898. World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. [2019-04-22]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-24）.
- ^ Brescovit, A.D.; Höfer, H. Amazoromus, a new genus of the spider family Gnaphosidae (Araneae) from central Amazonia, Brazil. Andrias. 1994, 13: 65–70 （英语）.
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
zgfwz的参考文献提供内容
- Platnick, N.I. & Shadab, M.U. (1983): A revision of the American spiders of the genus Zelotes (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Bulletin of the AMNH 174: 99-191. PDF (29Mb) - Abstract
外部連結
維基物種上的相關信息：平腹蛛科- Arachnology Home Pages: Araneae
- Platnick, N.I. 2003. World Spider Catalog （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Pictures of Herpyllus ecclesiastus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (free for noncommercial use)
- AMNH: Key to some genera （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- A video of Sergiolus, a ground spider in Texas （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
