User:Schenad/退磁场

退磁场（demagnetizing field），又称退磁磁场、反磁场或（磁体外的）杂散磁场（stray field），指的是磁体被磁化时产生的磁场（H场）。在某一包含有若干磁体的区域内，总磁场强度是这些磁体的退磁场加上自由电流（free currents）或位移電流所产生的磁场的总和。术语“退磁场”中的“退”反映了其作用于磁化强度以减小总磁矩的趋势。It gives rise to shape anisotropy in ferromagnets with a single magnetic domain and to magnetic domains in larger ferromagnets.

The demagnetizing field of an arbitrarily shaped object is very difficult to calculate even for the simple case of uniform magnetization. For the special case of ellipsoids (which includes spheres) the demagnetization field is linearly related to the magnetization by a geometry dependent constant called the demagnetizing factor. Since the magnetization of a sample at a given location depends on the total magnetic field at that point, the demagnetization factor must be used in order to accurately determine how a magnetic material responds to a magnetic field. (See magnetic hysteresis.)

Magnetostatic principles

Maxwell's equations

In general the demagnetizing field is a function of position $H (r)$ . It is derived from the magnetostatic equations for a body with no electric currents.^[1] These are Ampère's law

\nabla \times \mathbf {H} =0,

^[2]

1

and Gauss's law

\nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0.

^[3]

2

The magnetic field and flux density are related by^[4]^[5]

\mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\left(\mathbf {M} +\mathbf {H} \right),

^[6]

3

where $\mu _{0}$ is the permeability of vacuum and $M$ is the magnetisation.

磁矢势

The general solution of the first equation can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar potential $U (r)$ :

Inside the magnetic body, the potential $U in$ is determined by substituting (3) and (4) in (2):

\nabla ^{2}U_{\text{in}}=\nabla \cdot \mathbf {M} .

^[7]

5

Outside the body, where the magnetization is zero,

\nabla ^{2}U_{\text{out}}=0.

6

At the surface of the magnet, there are two continuity requirements:^[4]

The component of $H$ parallel to the surface must be continuous (no jump in value at the surface).
The component of $B$ perpendicular to the surface must be continuous.

This leads to the following boundary conditions at the surface of the magnet：

{\begin{aligned}U_{\text{in}}&=U_{\text{out}}\\\\{\frac {\partial U_{\text{in}}}{\partial n}}&={\frac {\partial U_{\text{out}}}{\partial n}}+\mathbf {M} \cdot \mathbf {n} .\end{aligned}}

7

Here $n$ is the surface normal and $\scriptstyle \left(\partial /\partial n\right)$ is the derivative with respect to distance from the surface.^[8]

The outer potential $U out$ must also be regular at infinity: both $| r U |$ and $| r 2 U |$ must be bounded as $r$ goes to infinity. This ensures that the magnetic energy is finite.^[9] Sufficiently far away, the magnetic field looks like the field of a magnetic dipole with the same moment as the finite body.

Uniqueness of the demagnetizing field

Any two potentials that satisfy equations (5), (6) and (7), along with regularity at infinity, are identical. The demagnetizing field $H d$ is the gradient of this potential (equation 4).

Energy

The energy of the demagnetizing field is completely determined by an integral over the volume $V$ of the magnet:

E=-{\frac {\mu _{0}}{2}}\int _{\text{magnet}}\mathbf {M} \cdot \mathbf {H} _{\text{d}}dV

7

Suppose there are two magnets with magnetizations $M 1$ and $M 2$ . The energy of the first magnet in the demagnetizing field $H d (2)$ of the second is

E=\mu _{0}\int _{\text{magnet 1}}\mathbf {M} _{1}\cdot \mathbf {H} _{\text{d}}^{(2)}dV.

8

The reciprocity theorem states that^[8]

\int _{\text{magnet 1}}\mathbf {M} _{1}\cdot \mathbf {H} _{\text{d}}^{(2)}dV=\int _{\text{magnet 2}}\mathbf {M} _{2}\cdot \mathbf {H} _{\text{d}}^{(1)}dV.

9

Magnetic charge and the pole-avoidance principle

Formally, the solution of the equations for the potential is

U(\mathbf {r} )=-{\frac {1}{4\pi }}\int _{\text{volume}}{\frac {\nabla '\cdot \mathbf {M\left(r'\right)<nowiki>} }{<}}/nowiki>{<nowiki>|</nowiki>\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} '<nowiki>|</nowiki>}dV'+{\frac {1}{4\pi }}\int _{\text{surface}}{\frac {\mathbf {n} \cdot \mathbf {M\left(r'\right)<nowiki>} }{<}}/nowiki>{<nowiki>|</nowiki>\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} '<nowiki>|</nowiki>}dS',

10

where $r'$ is the variable to be integrated over the volume of the body in the first integral and the surface in the second, and $\nabla'$ is the gradient with respect to this variable.

Qualitatively, the negative of the divergence of the magnetization $- \nabla \cdot M$ (called a volume pole) is analogous to a bulk bound electric charge in the body while $n \cdot M$ (called a surface pole) is analogous to a bound surface electric charge. Although the magnetic charges do not exist, it can be useful to think of them in this way. In particular, the arrangement of magnetization that reduces the magnetic energy can often be understood in terms of the pole-avoidance principle, which states that the magnetization tries to reduce the poles as much as possible.

Effect on magnetization

Single domain

One way to remove the magnetic poles inside a ferromagnet is to make the magnetization uniform. This occurs in single-domain ferromagnets. This still leaves the surface poles, so division into domains reduces the poles further. However, very small ferromagnets are kept uniformly magnetized by the exchange interaction.

The concentration of poles depends on the direction of magnetization (see the figure). If the magnetization is along the longest axis, the poles are spread across a smaller surface, so the energy is lower. This is a form of magnetic anisotropy called shape anisotropy.

Multiple domains

Illustration of a magnet with four magnetic closure domains. The magnetic charges contributed by each domain are pictured at one domain wall. The charges balance, so the total charge is zero.

If the ferromagnet is large enough, its magnetization can divide into domains. It is then possible to have the magnetization parallel to the surface. Within each domain the magnetization is uniform, so there are no volume poles, but there are surface poles at the interfaces (domain walls) between domains. However, these poles vanish if the magnetic moments on each side of the domain wall meet the wall at the same angle (so that the components $n \cdot M$ are the same but opposite in sign). Domains configured this way are called closure domains.

Demagnetizing factor

An arbitrarily shaped magnetic object has a total magnetic field that varies with location inside the object and can be quite difficult to calculate. This makes it very difficult to determine the magnetic properties of a material such as, for instance, how the magnetization of a material varies with the magnetic field. For a uniformly magnetized sphere in a uniform magnetic field $H 0$ the internal magnetic field $H$ is uniform:

where $M 0$ is the magnetization of the sphere and $γ$ is called the demagnetizing factor and equals $4 π /3$ for a sphere.^[10]

This equation can be generalized to include ellipsoids having principal axes in x, y, and z directions such that each component has a relationship of the form:^[5]

Other important examples are an infinite plate (an ellipsoid with two of its axes going to infinity) which has $γ$ = $4 π$ in a direction normal to the plate and zero otherwise and an infinite cylinder (an ellipsoid with one of its axes tending toward infinity with the other two being the same) which has $γ$ = 0 along its axis and $2 π$ perpendicular to its axis.^[11] The demagnetizing factors are the principal values of the depolarization tensor, which gives both the internal and external values of the fields induced in ellipsoidal bodies by applied electric or magnetic fields.^[12] ^[13] ^[14]

Notes and references

^ If there are electric currents in the system, they can be calculated separately and added to the solutions of these equations.
^ In words, the curl of the magnetic field is zero.
^ In words, the divergence of the magnetic flux density is zero.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Jackson 1975，chapter 5
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Nayfeh & Brussel 1985，chapter 9
^ SI units are used in this article.
^ The symbol $\nabla 2 \equiv \nabla \cdot \nabla$ is the Laplace operator.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Aharoni 1996，chapter 6
^ Brown, Jr. 1962
^ Griffiths 1999，chapter 6
^ For tables or equations for the magnetizing factors of the general ellipsoid see Osborn, J. A. Demagnetizing Factors of the General Ellipsoid (PDF). Physical Review. 1945, 67 (11–12): 351–7. Bibcode:1945PhRv...67..351O. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.67.351.
^ Solivérez, C. E. Magnetostatics of Anisotropic Ellipsoidal Bodies. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 1981, 17 (3): 1363–4. Bibcode:1981ITM....17.1363S. doi:10.1109/TMAG.1981.1061200.
^ Di Fratta, G. The Newtonian Potential and the Demagnetizing Factors of the General Ellipsoid. Proc. R. Soc. A. 2016, 472.
^ Solivérez, C. E. Electrostatics and Magnetostatics of Polarized Ellipsoidal Bodies: The Depolarization Tensor Method (PDF). Free Scientific Information. 2016. ISBN 978-987-28304-0-3.