印度洋垃圾带
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在2010年被研究人员发现的印度洋垃圾带(英语:Indian Ocean garbage patch)是个海洋垃圾带,是种海洋废弃物环流,悬浮在印度洋中部的上层水柱中,特别是在印度洋环流,这环流是世界五大海洋环流中的一个。 [1][2][3][4][5][6]这片垃圾带并非是个连续不断的废弃物区域。世界五大海洋垃圾带都一样,其中的塑料多数已分解成更小的颗粒状,但仍以聚合物的形式存在。[7]所有的垃圾主要是由远洋带塑料、化学流出物和其他废弃物(主要都是肉眼看不见的颗粒)所组成。此处废弃物颗粒的数量每平方公里约有10,000颗。[8][9][10][11]
发现
[编辑]首度被发现的海洋垃圾带是太平洋垃圾带,美国国家海洋暨大气总署(NOAA)在1988年发表的一篇论文即预测有此垃圾带的存在。而预测是根据阿拉斯加州的几位研究人员在1985年至1988年间对于栖息在北太平洋塑胶垃圾上的漂浮生物研究的结果。。 [12]
对于印度洋中岛屿及冲上印度洋周围海滩上的垃圾做研究后,推断在印度洋的水柱里面也会有塑料废弃物存在。[3]
这些具有中性浮力和正浮力的塑料物品受洋流导引进入垃圾带中堆积,但研究人员和科学家难以确定其会飘流到何处。[13]经研究后发现亚洲从印度洋西部的岛屿和非洲东部海岸聚积的垃圾会被南赤道洋流引入整个印度洋。[14]除有印度洋垃圾带之外,研究人员和科学家又发现另外两个垃圾带:南太平洋垃圾带和北大西洋垃圾带。[15]这些垃圾带中的垃圾大约有90%为塑料,会对海洋生物的健康构成威胁。 [16]塑料废弃物聚集并被冲上岸,会影响岸上生物的健康。由于水流强劲,塑料废弃物被冲到各处海岸,会破坏环境及危害生物体。
非营利组织五大环流研究所在2010年启动项目,研究在南大西洋、南太平洋和印度洋的环流是否受到与北太平洋和北大西洋环流同样的影响。[2][3][5][6]研究船在考察印度洋的航程中,在澳大利亚伯斯和毛里求斯路易士港(马达加斯加以东)之间往返;在4,800公里(3,000英里)的航程中所收集的每个海水样本中都含有塑料。[3]研究者发现南大西洋、南太平洋和印度洋环流与北太平洋和北大西洋环流受到影响的方式相同。[2][3][5][6]五大环流研究所联合创始人Anna Cummins将他们的发现称为“稀薄的塑料汤”(参见海洋塑胶污染)。[3]
废弃物来源
[编辑]在10大海洋塑料污染来源国(中国以30%的占比排名第一)中,临印度洋的国家有五个:印尼(排名第2)、斯里兰卡(第5)、泰国(第6)、马来西亚(第8)和孟加拉国(第10)。[17]
有10条河流系统,其携带进入海洋的废弃物总量达到全球的90%。其中流入印度洋的有2:印度河(第2)和恒河(第6)。[18][19]
激发大众关注的行动
[编辑]为引发大众对海洋垃圾带的关注,来自罗马的艺术家Maria Cristina Finucci于2013年4月11日在巴黎,于联合国教科文组织总干事伊琳娜·博科娃在场情况下[20]宣布创立垃圾带之国的跨媒体说故事传播计划。[21]此垃圾带之国计划是联合国教科文组织和意大利环境部赞助的一系列活动中的第一个,也在世界各地掀起一系列艺术展览,目的在引起人们对垃圾带的规模和严重性的关注,并激发人们的认知和采取应对行动。[22]
参见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Ocean Geography ~ MarineBio Conservation Society. www.marinebio.org. 2018-06-17 [2021-09-17] (美国英语).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 First Voyage to South Atlantic Pollution Site (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) SustainableBusiness.com News access-date=2021-12-10
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 New garbage patch discovered in Indian Ocean (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Lori Bongiorno, Green Yahoo, 2010-07-27
- ^ Opinion: Islands are 'natural nets' for plastic-choked seas 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2012-10-06. Marcus Eriksen for CNN, Petroleum, CNN Tech 201-06-240
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Our Ocean Backyard: Exploring plastic seas 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2010-06-20., Dan Haifley, 2010-05-15, Santa Cruz Sentinel
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Life aquatic choked by plastic (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 2010-11-14, Times Live
- ^ Moore, Charles. Across the Pacific Ocean, plastics, plastics, everywhere. Natural History Magazine. November 2003. (原始内容存档于2009-07-06).
- ^ Sesini, Marzia. The Garbage Patch In The Oceans: The Problem And Possible Solutions (PDF). Columbia University. August 2011 [2023-07-15]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-17).
- ^ For a discussion of the current sampling techniques and particle size, see Peter Ryan, Charles Moore et al., Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2009-07-27 vol. 364 no. 1526 1999–2012, doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0207
- ^ OSU: Reports of giant ocean 'garbage patch' are exaggerated. 2011-01-04 [2011-01-07]. (原始内容存档于2011-02-14).
- ^ Transoceanic Trash: International and United States Strategies for the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Susan L. Dautel, 3 Golden Gate U. Envtl. L.J. 181 (2009)
- ^ Day, Robert H.; Shaw, David G.; Ignell, Steven E. Quantitative distribution and characteristics of neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean. Final Report to US Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, Auke Bay Laboratory. Auke Bay, AK (PDF): 247–266. April 1988 [2023-07-15]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-19).
- ^ Magazine, Hakai. The Indian Ocean's Great Disappearing Garbage Patch. Hakai Magazine. [2021-09-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-08) (英语).
- ^ Connan, Maëlle; Perold, Vonica; Dilley, Ben J.; Barbraud, Christophe; Cherel, Yves; Ryan, Peter G. The Indian Ocean 'garbage patch': Empirical evidence from floating macro-litter. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2021-08-01, 169: 112559. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 34116371. S2CID 235411945. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112559 (英语).
- ^ US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Ocean Garbage Patches. oceanservice.noaa.gov. [2021-09-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-27) (美国英语).
- ^ Plane Search Shows World's Oceans Are Full of Trash. Science. 2014-04-05 [2021-09-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-26) (英语).
- ^ Will Dunham. World's Oceans Clogged by Millions of Tons of Plastic Trash. Scientific American. 2019-02-12 [2019-07-31]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-16) (英语).
China was responsible for the most ocean plastic pollution per year with an estimated 2.4 million tons, about 30 percent of the global total, followed by Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria and Bangladesh.
- ^ Christian Schmidt; Tobias Krauth; Stephan Wagner. Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 2017-10-11, 51 (21): 12246–12253 [2023-07-15]. Bibcode:2017EnST...5112246S. PMID 29019247. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-14).
The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea
- ^ Harald Franzen. Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers. Deutsche Welle. 2017-11-30 [2018-10-18]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-26).
It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that order).
- ^ The garbage patch territory turns into a new state. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2019-05-22 [2014-11-05]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-11).
- ^ Rifiuti diventano stato, Unesco riconosce 'Garbage Patch'. SITI. L'Associazione Città e Siti Italiani – Patrimonio Mondiale UNESCO. ISSN 2038-7237. (原始内容存档于2014-11-03) –通过rivistasitiunesco.it.
- ^ Rifiuti diventano stato, Unesco riconosce 'Garbage Patch' [Waste becomes state, Unesco recognizes 'Garbage Patch']. [2014-11-03]. (原始内容存档于2014-07-14).
进一步阅读
[编辑]- Gregory, M.R.; Ryan, P.G. Pelagic plastics and other seaborne persistent synthetic debris: a review of Southern Hemisphere perspectives. Coe, J.M.; Rogers, D.B. (编). Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts, Solutions. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1997: 49–66.
- Masahisa Kubota; Katsumi Takayama; Noriyuki Horii. Movement and accumulation of floating marine debris simulated by surface currents derived from satellite data (PDF). School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University. 2000 [2023-07-15]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2008-11-21).
外部链接
[编辑]- Pacific Garbage Patch – Smithsonian Ocean Portal (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- "Plastic Surf" The Unhealthful Afterlife of Toys and Packaging: Small remnants of toys, bottles and packaging persist in the ocean, harming marine life and possibly even us (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Jennifer Ackerman Scientific American August 2010
- photographer Chris Jordan, who recently traveled to a remote part of the Pacific Ocean to document effects of the world’s largest known mass of garbage. in Seed Boustead, Greg. § Appetite for Destruction. Seedmagazine.com. 2010-02-18 [2010-07-28]. 原始内容存档于2010-07-18.
- Scripps Environmental Accumulation of Plastic Expedition (SEAPLEX) – Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego
- The Project Kaisei Voyage Tracker – Project Kaisei and Ojingolabs
- 5 Gyres – Understanding Plastic Marine Pollution (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – Algalita, Livable Legacy
- The trash vortex (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – Greenpeace
- Navigating the Pacific's 'Garbage Patch' (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – National Public Radio and me
- Marine Research, Education and Restoration (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – Algalita Marine Research Foundation
- Images & video from the North Pacific gyre (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – WordPress.com
- Sea of Trash (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – New York Times Magazine
- Captain Charles Moore on the seas of plastic (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Charles Moore: Sailing the Great Pacific Garbage Patch 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2009-11-25. – TED Conference talk (2009)
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