性食同类

性食同类（英语：Sexual cannibalism）是指动物个体（通常属雌性）在交配过程之前、期间或随后的同类相食行为。^[1]

这类现象在许多蛛形纲物种、一些昆虫和甲壳类物种^[2]、腹足纲物种，和一些蛇类物种中被观察到。几种假设被提出以解释此类行为如何经演化过程产生：适应性觅食假说（英语：adaptive foraging hypothesis）^[3]、攻击性溢出假说（英语：aggressive spillover hypothesis）^[4]和错误身分假说（英语：mistaken identity hypothesis）^[5]。这类行为被认为是作为性冲突的表现而演化产生，当雄性和雌性的生殖利益（英语：reproductive interest）不同时就会发生。^[6] 发生此类现象的物种的雌性个体通常具有敌意且不愿交配；这些物种的许多雄性个体发展出适应行为以对应雌性的有关行为。^[7]^[8]

性食同类通常被视为亲代投资行为，子代会因此获得以下一项或多项好处：更多数量的子代、更高的子代活力、更好的子代存活率，以及寿命更长和/或更容易繁殖的子代等。由于这些多重好处，性食同类甚至有在一些以植物为主要营养来源的物种发生。^[9]^[10]

性食同类通常伴随著两性个体间的体型差异（参看两性异形），这在一些节肢动物物种尤其明显。^[11]

参看

参考资料

^ Polis, Gary A.; Farley, Roger D. Behavior and Ecology of Mating in the Cannibalistic Scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis Stahnke (Scorpionida: Vaejovidae). The Journal of Arachnology. 1979, 7 (1): 33–46. ISSN 0161-8202. JSTOR 3704952.
^ Buskirk, Ruth E.; Frohlich, Cliff; Ross, Kenneth G. The Natural Selection of Sexual Cannibalism. The American Naturalist. 1984, 123 (5): 612–625. ISSN 0003-0147. JSTOR 2461241. doi:10.1086/284227.
^ Blamires, Sean J. Nutritional implications for sexual cannibalism in a sexually dimorphic orb web spider. Austral Ecology. 2011, 36 (4): 389–394. Bibcode:2011AusEc..36..389B. ISSN 1442-9985. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02161.x （英语）.
^ Arnqvist, Göran. Courtship Behavior and Sexual Cannibalism in the Semi-Aquatic Fishing Spider, Dolomedes fimbriatus (Clerck) (Araneae: Pisauridae). The Journal of Arachnology. 1992, 20 (3): 222–226. ISSN 0161-8202. JSTOR 3705884.
^ Gould, S. Only his wings remained. Natural History 93, 10-18 (1984).
^ Chapman, Tracey; Arnqvist, Göran; Bangham, Jenny; Rowe, Locke. Sexual conflict. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2003, 18 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)00004-6 （英语）.
^ Zhang, Shichang; Kuntner, Matjaž; Li, Daiqin. Mate binding: male adaptation to sexual conflict in the golden orb-web spider (Nephilidae: Nephila pilipes) (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 2011, 82 (6): 1299–1304. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.09.010 （英语）.
^ Fromhage, Lutz; Schneider, Jutta M. Safer sex with feeding females: sexual conflict in a cannibalistic spider. Behavioral Ecology. 2005-03-01, 16 (2): 377–382. ISSN 1465-7279. doi:10.1093/beheco/ari011 （英语）.
^ William D. Brown and Katherine L. Barry (2006): Sexual cannibalism increases male material investment in offspring: quantifying terminal reproductive effort in a praying mantis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283 (1833), article ID 20160656. 6 Seiten. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0656 (open access)
^ Boisseau, R., Wilder, S., Berry, K.(2016): Sexual and nonsexual cannibalism have different effects on offspring performance in redback spiders Behavioral Ecology, Volume 28, Issue 1, 01 January-February 2017, Pages 294–303, doi:10.1093/beheco/arw159 (open access)
^ Buskirk, Ruth E.; Frohlich, Cliff; Ross, Kenneth G. The Natural Selection of Sexual Cannibalism. The American Naturalist. 1984-05, 123 (5). ISSN 0003-0147. doi:10.1086/284227 （英语）.

这是一篇与生物学相关的小作品。您可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。

[No9-1] Polis, Gary A.; Farley, Roger D. Behavior and Ecology of Mating in the Cannibalistic Scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis Stahnke (Scorpionida: Vaejovidae). The Journal of Arachnology. 1979, 7 (1): 33–46. ISSN 0161-8202. JSTOR 3704952.

[2] Buskirk, Ruth E.; Frohlich, Cliff; Ross, Kenneth G. The Natural Selection of Sexual Cannibalism. The American Naturalist. 1984, 123 (5): 612–625. ISSN 0003-0147. JSTOR 2461241. doi:10.1086/284227.

[No3-3] Blamires, Sean J. Nutritional implications for sexual cannibalism in a sexually dimorphic orb web spider. Austral Ecology. 2011, 36 (4): 389–394. Bibcode:2011AusEc..36..389B. ISSN 1442-9985. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02161.x （英语）.

[No4-4] Arnqvist, Göran. Courtship Behavior and Sexual Cannibalism in the Semi-Aquatic Fishing Spider, Dolomedes fimbriatus (Clerck) (Araneae: Pisauridae). The Journal of Arachnology. 1992, 20 (3): 222–226. ISSN 0161-8202. JSTOR 3705884.

[No6-5] Gould, S. Only his wings remained. Natural History 93, 10-18 (1984).

[Chapman,_T.,_Arnqvist,_G.,_Bangham,_J._&_Rowe,_L.-6] Chapman, Tracey; Arnqvist, Göran; Bangham, Jenny; Rowe, Locke. Sexual conflict. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2003, 18 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)00004-6 （英语）.

[Zhang,_S.,_Kuntner,_M._&_Li,_D.-7] Zhang, Shichang; Kuntner, Matjaž; Li, Daiqin. Mate binding: male adaptation to sexual conflict in the golden orb-web spider (Nephilidae: Nephila pilipes) (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 2011, 82 (6): 1299–1304. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.09.010 （英语）.

[Fromhage,_L._&_Schneider,_J._M.-8] Fromhage, Lutz; Schneider, Jutta M. Safer sex with feeding females: sexual conflict in a cannibalistic spider. Behavioral Ecology. 2005-03-01, 16 (2): 377–382. ISSN 1465-7279. doi:10.1093/beheco/ari011 （英语）.

[RSO-9] William D. Brown and Katherine L. Barry (2006): Sexual cannibalism increases male material investment in offspring: quantifying terminal reproductive effort in a praying mantis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283 (1833), article ID 20160656. 6 Seiten. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0656 (open access)

[BOI-10] Boisseau, R., Wilder, S., Berry, K.(2016): Sexual and nonsexual cannibalism have different effects on offspring performance in redback spiders Behavioral Ecology, Volume 28, Issue 1, 01 January-February 2017, Pages 294–303, doi:10.1093/beheco/arw159 (open access)

[11] Buskirk, Ruth E.; Frohlich, Cliff; Ross, Kenneth G. The Natural Selection of Sexual Cannibalism. The American Naturalist. 1984-05, 123 (5). ISSN 0003-0147. doi:10.1086/284227 （英语）.

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