性食同類

性食同類（英語：Sexual cannibalism）是指動物個體（通常屬雌性）在交配過程之前、期間或隨後的同類相食行為。^[1]

這類現象在許多蛛形綱物種、一些昆蟲和甲殼類物種^[2]、腹足綱物種，和一些蛇類物種中被觀察到。幾種假設被提出以解釋此類行為如何經演化過程產生：適應性覓食假說（英語：adaptive foraging hypothesis）^[3]、攻擊性溢出假說（英語：aggressive spillover hypothesis）^[4]和錯誤身分假說（英語：mistaken identity hypothesis）^[5]。這類行為被認為是作為性衝突的表現而演化產生，當雄性和雌性的生殖利益（英語：reproductive interest）不同時就會發生。^[6] 發生此類現象的物種的雌性個體通常具有敵意且不願交配；這些物種的許多雄性個體發展出適應行為以對應雌性的有關行為。^[7]^[8]

性食同類通常被視為親代投資行為，子代會因此獲得以下一項或多項好處：更多數量的子代、更高的子代活力、更好的子代存活率，以及壽命更長和/或更容易繁殖的子代等。由於這些多重好處，性食同類甚至有在一些以植物為主要營養來源的物種發生。^[9]^[10]

性食同類通常伴隨著兩性個體間的體型差異（參看兩性異形），這在一些節肢動物物種尤其明顯。^[11]

參看

參考資料

^ Polis, Gary A.; Farley, Roger D. Behavior and Ecology of Mating in the Cannibalistic Scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis Stahnke (Scorpionida: Vaejovidae). The Journal of Arachnology. 1979, 7 (1): 33–46. ISSN 0161-8202. JSTOR 3704952.
^ Buskirk, Ruth E.; Frohlich, Cliff; Ross, Kenneth G. The Natural Selection of Sexual Cannibalism. The American Naturalist. 1984, 123 (5): 612–625. ISSN 0003-0147. JSTOR 2461241. doi:10.1086/284227.
^ Blamires, Sean J. Nutritional implications for sexual cannibalism in a sexually dimorphic orb web spider. Austral Ecology. 2011, 36 (4): 389–394. Bibcode:2011AusEc..36..389B. ISSN 1442-9985. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02161.x （英語）.
^ Arnqvist, Göran. Courtship Behavior and Sexual Cannibalism in the Semi-Aquatic Fishing Spider, Dolomedes fimbriatus (Clerck) (Araneae: Pisauridae). The Journal of Arachnology. 1992, 20 (3): 222–226. ISSN 0161-8202. JSTOR 3705884.
^ Gould, S. Only his wings remained. Natural History 93, 10-18 (1984).
^ Chapman, Tracey; Arnqvist, Göran; Bangham, Jenny; Rowe, Locke. Sexual conflict. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2003, 18 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)00004-6 （英語）.
^ Zhang, Shichang; Kuntner, Matjaž; Li, Daiqin. Mate binding: male adaptation to sexual conflict in the golden orb-web spider (Nephilidae: Nephila pilipes) (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 2011, 82 (6): 1299–1304. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.09.010 （英語）.
^ Fromhage, Lutz; Schneider, Jutta M. Safer sex with feeding females: sexual conflict in a cannibalistic spider. Behavioral Ecology. 2005-03-01, 16 (2): 377–382. ISSN 1465-7279. doi:10.1093/beheco/ari011 （英語）.
^ William D. Brown and Katherine L. Barry (2006): Sexual cannibalism increases male material investment in offspring: quantifying terminal reproductive effort in a praying mantis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283 (1833), article ID 20160656. 6 Seiten. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0656 (open access)
^ Boisseau, R., Wilder, S., Berry, K.(2016): Sexual and nonsexual cannibalism have different effects on offspring performance in redback spiders Behavioral Ecology, Volume 28, Issue 1, 01 January-February 2017, Pages 294–303, doi:10.1093/beheco/arw159 (open access)
^ Buskirk, Ruth E.; Frohlich, Cliff; Ross, Kenneth G. The Natural Selection of Sexual Cannibalism. The American Naturalist. 1984-05, 123 (5). ISSN 0003-0147. doi:10.1086/284227 （英語）.

這是一篇與生物學相關的小作品。您可以透過編輯或修訂擴充其內容。

[No9-1] Polis, Gary A.; Farley, Roger D. Behavior and Ecology of Mating in the Cannibalistic Scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis Stahnke (Scorpionida: Vaejovidae). The Journal of Arachnology. 1979, 7 (1): 33–46. ISSN 0161-8202. JSTOR 3704952.

[2] Buskirk, Ruth E.; Frohlich, Cliff; Ross, Kenneth G. The Natural Selection of Sexual Cannibalism. The American Naturalist. 1984, 123 (5): 612–625. ISSN 0003-0147. JSTOR 2461241. doi:10.1086/284227.

[No3-3] Blamires, Sean J. Nutritional implications for sexual cannibalism in a sexually dimorphic orb web spider. Austral Ecology. 2011, 36 (4): 389–394. Bibcode:2011AusEc..36..389B. ISSN 1442-9985. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02161.x （英語）.

[No4-4] Arnqvist, Göran. Courtship Behavior and Sexual Cannibalism in the Semi-Aquatic Fishing Spider, Dolomedes fimbriatus (Clerck) (Araneae: Pisauridae). The Journal of Arachnology. 1992, 20 (3): 222–226. ISSN 0161-8202. JSTOR 3705884.

[No6-5] Gould, S. Only his wings remained. Natural History 93, 10-18 (1984).

[Chapman,_T.,_Arnqvist,_G.,_Bangham,_J._&_Rowe,_L.-6] Chapman, Tracey; Arnqvist, Göran; Bangham, Jenny; Rowe, Locke. Sexual conflict. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2003, 18 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)00004-6 （英語）.

[Zhang,_S.,_Kuntner,_M._&_Li,_D.-7] Zhang, Shichang; Kuntner, Matjaž; Li, Daiqin. Mate binding: male adaptation to sexual conflict in the golden orb-web spider (Nephilidae: Nephila pilipes) (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 2011, 82 (6): 1299–1304. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.09.010 （英語）.

[Fromhage,_L._&_Schneider,_J._M.-8] Fromhage, Lutz; Schneider, Jutta M. Safer sex with feeding females: sexual conflict in a cannibalistic spider. Behavioral Ecology. 2005-03-01, 16 (2): 377–382. ISSN 1465-7279. doi:10.1093/beheco/ari011 （英語）.

[RSO-9] William D. Brown and Katherine L. Barry (2006): Sexual cannibalism increases male material investment in offspring: quantifying terminal reproductive effort in a praying mantis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283 (1833), article ID 20160656. 6 Seiten. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0656 (open access)

[BOI-10] Boisseau, R., Wilder, S., Berry, K.(2016): Sexual and nonsexual cannibalism have different effects on offspring performance in redback spiders Behavioral Ecology, Volume 28, Issue 1, 01 January-February 2017, Pages 294–303, doi:10.1093/beheco/arw159 (open access)

[11] Buskirk, Ruth E.; Frohlich, Cliff; Ross, Kenneth G. The Natural Selection of Sexual Cannibalism. The American Naturalist. 1984-05, 123 (5). ISSN 0003-0147. doi:10.1086/284227 （英語）.

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