负折射率超材料

负折射率超材料或负折射率材料（NIM）是一种人造光学结构，它的折射率对于一定频率范围内的电磁波是负值。目前没有任何天然材料拥有这一属性。广义地说，超材料可以指任何合成材料，但一般上指的是拥有负折射率的一类材料，这些材料具有不寻常的光学属性和奇异的性质。^[1]负折射率超材料由基本结构单元周期性排列构成，基本结构单元称为单胞，单胞的大小明显小于光的波长。单胞在实验室最早由印刷电路板材料制成，即由导线和电介质制成。通常情况下，这些人工制备的单胞按特定的重复形式堆叠或在平面上排列起来，组成单个的超材料。

负折射率超材料的单胞对光的响应是在构筑材料之前预先设计好的，材料总的对光的响应主要由单胞的几何形状决定，行为与其组分对光的响应有着根本的不同。超材料是“从下到上合成的有序宏观材料”，具有其组分所不具有的涌现性质。^[2]

负折射率超材料与以下术语为同义语：左手材料或左手介质(LHM)、后向波(BW)介质、双负性(DNG)材料超材料等 ^[1]。

性质

负折射率超材料由俄罗斯理论物理学家维克托·韦谢拉戈（英语：Victor Veselago）于1967年在理论上首次提出^[5]。当时，这种材料被称为“左手材料”或“负折射率”材料，其光学性质与玻璃、空气等透明物质的性质相反，光在这种材料中的弯曲和折射行为不同寻常，出人意料，背离人类的直觉。然而，直到33年后，第一个实用的超材料才被制造出来。^[1]^[5]^[6]

负折射率超材料用于以新的方式控制电磁波。比如，天然物质的光学和电磁性质通过化学来改变，而超材料通过单胞的几何排列来控制电磁性质。单胞有序排列的线度小于电磁波的某一波长。人工的单胞对波源的电磁辐射有响应。超材料对电磁波的总的响应比通常材料更宽广。^[1]^[6]

通过改变单胞的形状、大小和构型，可以改变材料的电容率和磁导率，由此控制电磁波的传输。电容率和磁导率这两个参数决定了电磁波在物质中的波的传播。调控这两个参数可以使材料的折射率为负值或零，而通常的材料的折射率为正值。超材料的性质依赖于人的预先设计，其光学性质是透镜、平面镜和常规材料所不及。^[1]^[5]^[6]

反向传播

在负折射率超材料中，电磁波可以反向传播，这使得衍射极限下分辨成像成为可能，此即为亚波长成像。

材料

第一个实用的超材料工作于微波波段。外形上，它像一个个水晶宫格子，格子的间距小于微波波长。

光频带

应用

负折射率材料在传统领域中的应用如无线电，电磁波接收系统等，用于制作超材料天线。其他方面的应用正在研究中，如电磁波，微波吸收装置、小型谐振腔、波导管、相位补偿器、微波透镜等等。它们借由超材料的性质可以不受衍射效应的限制。 ^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

在可见光范围，超材料制成的透镜可以避开衍射效应的限制，用来研发毫微光刻技术来制备纳米电路。这会在生物医学以及亚波长影印技术方面大展宏图。 ^[10]

负的介电常数和磁导率

复合材料的频带

左手材料的描述

各向同性与负参数

负折射率的实验验证

NIM的基本的电磁特性

左手材料的负折射率

对可见光的影响

负折射率材料的影响

当导磁率μ= 1时，负折射率材料会导致电动力学方程计算结果的改变。当μ的值大于1时，会影响到包括司乃耳定律、多普勒效应、切伦科夫辐射、菲涅耳方程以及费马原理。 ^[11]

由于折射率是光学中的一个中心概念，改变折射率会重新认识、定义一些光学定律^[10]。

反常色散现象

高斯光脉冲在通过反常色散介质时会出现反常色散现象（随着波长增加，折射率增加，可能导致群速度大于光速的情况被称作反常色散现象）^[12]^[13]。但信息的传递速度总是被限制在光速以下^[12]^[14]。

学术研究

超材料是美国政府广泛研究的领域，包括美国空军，美国军队，以及美国海军航空系统司令部。同时，众多的院校也在研究这一课题。

参见

材料

参考

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Engheta, N.; Ziolkowski, R. W. Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations. Wiley & Sons. 2006. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-0-471-76102-0.
^ Shivola, Ari. "Electromagnetic Emergence in Metamaterials: Deconstruction of terminology of complex media （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Advances in Electromagnetics of Complex Media and Metamaterials. Eds. Saïd Zouhdi, Ari Sihvola, Mohamed Arsalane. pgs. 3-18 Kluewer Academic. 2002.
^ Shelby, R. A.; Smith, D. R.; Shultz, S.; Nemat-Nasser, S. C. Microwave transmission through a two-dimensional, isotropic, left-handed metamaterial (PDF). Applied Physics Letters. 2001, 78 (4): 489 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:2001ApPhL..78..489S. doi:10.1063/1.1343489. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-18）.
^ 引用错误：没有为名为comp的参考文献提供内容
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Veselago, V. G. The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ε and μ (PDF). Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 1968, 10 (4): 509–514. Bibcode:1968SvPhU..10..509V. doi:10.1070/PU1968v010n04ABEH003699. ^{[永久失效链接]}
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 引用错误：没有为名为NIST-metamat的参考文献提供内容
^ Engheta, N.; Ziolkowski, R. W. A positive future for double-negative metamaterials (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2005, 53 (4): 1535 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:2005ITMTT..53.1535E. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2005.845188. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-11-23）.
^ Beruete, M.; Navarro-Cía, M.; Sorolla, M.; Campillo, I. Planoconcave lens by negative refraction of stacked subwavelength hole arrays (PDF). Optics Express. 2008, 16 (13): 9677–9683 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:2008OExpr..16.9677B. PMID 18575535. doi:10.1364/OE.16.009677. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-12-13）.
^ Alu, A.; Engheta, N. Guided Modes in a Waveguide Filled with a Pair of Single-Negative (SNG), Double-Negative (DNG), and/or Double-Positive (DPS) Layers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2004, 52: 199. Bibcode:2004ITMTT..52..199A. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2003.821274.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Shalaev, V. M. Optical negative-index metamaterials (PDF). Nature Photonics. 2007, 1: 41. Bibcode:2007NaPho...1...41S. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2006.49.
^
Veselago, Viktor G. Electrodynamics of materials with negative index of refraction (pay wall). Physics-Uspekhi. 2003, 46 (7): 764. Bibcode:2003PhyU...46..764V. doi:10.1070/PU2003v046n07ABEH001614.
- Alternate source at:
- Lim Hock; Ong Chong Kim, and Serguei Matitsine. Electromagnetic Materials:. Proceedings of the Symposium F (ICMAT 2003). SUNTEC, Singapore: World Scientific. 7–12 December 2003: 115–122. ISBN 978-981-238-372-3. paper by Victor G. Veselago. Electrodynamics of materials with negative index of refraction.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 Dolling, Gunnar; Christian Enkrich; Martin Wegener; Costas M. Soukoulis; Stefan Linden. Simultaneous Negative Phase and Group Velocity of Light in a Metamaterial. Science. 2006, 312 (5775): 892–894. Bibcode:2006Sci...312..892D. PMID 16690860. doi:10.1126/science.1126021.
^ Garrett, C. G. B.; D. E. McCumber. Propagation of a Gaussian Light Pulse through an Anomalous Dispersion Medium (PDF). Phys. Rev. A. 1969-09-25, 1 (2): 305–313. Bibcode:1970PhRvA...1..305G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.1.305. ^{[永久失效链接]}
^ Stenner, M. D.; Gauthier, D. J.; Neifeld, M. A.; Gauthier; Neifeld. The speed of information in a 'fast-light' optical medium. Nature. Oct 2003, 425 (6959): 695–8. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..695S. PMID 14562097. doi:10.1038/nature02016.
^ FOM Institute. [2013-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-27）.

拓展阅读

S. Anantha Ramakrishna; and Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk. Physics and Applications of Negative Refractive Index Materials (PDF). CRC Press. 2008 [2013-01-26]. ISBN 978-1-4200-6875-7. doi:10.1201/9781420068764.ch1. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03）.

Ramakrishna, S Anantha. Physics of negative refractive index materials (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics. 2005, 68 (2): 449. Bibcode:2005RPPh...68..449R. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/68/2/R06.

Pendry, J.; Holden, A.; Stewart, W.; Youngs, I. Extremely Low Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Mesostructures (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 1996, 76 (25): 4773–4776 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:1996PhRvL..76.4773P. PMID 10061377. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4773. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-17）.

Pendry, J B; Holden, A J; Robbins, D J; Stewart, W J. Low frequency plasmons in thin-wire structures (PDF). Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 1998, 10 (22): 4785–4809 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:1998JPCM...10.4785P. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/10/22/007. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-20）. Also see the Preprint-author's copy.

Pendry, J.B.; Holden, A.J.; Robbins, D.J.; Stewart, W.J. Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 1999, 47 (11): 2075–2084 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:1999ITMTT..47.2075P. doi:10.1109/22.798002. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-10-06）.

Padilla, Willie J.; Basov, Dimitri N.; Smith, David R. Negative refractive index metamaterials (PDF). Materials Today. 2006, 9 (7–8): 28 [2013-01-26]. doi:10.1016/S1369-7021(06)71573-5. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-10-06）.

Slyusar V.I. Metamaterials on antenna solutions （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. (Free PDF download). International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 6–9 October 2009, Lviv, Ukraine.

Bayindir, Mehmet; Aydin, K.; Ozbay, E.; Markoš, P.; Soukoulis, C. M. Transmission properties of composite metamaterials in free space (PDF). Applied Physics Letters. 2002-07-01, 81: 120. Bibcode:2002ApPhL..81..120B. doi:10.1063/1.1492009. ^{[失效链接]}

外部链接

Manipulating the Near Field with Metamaterials （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Slide show, with audio available, by Dr. John Pendry, Imperial College, London
Laszlo Solymar; Ekaterina Shamonina. Waves in Metamaterials. Oxford University Press, USA. March 2009. 2009-03-15. ISBN 978-0-19-921533-1.
Illustrating the Law of Refraction. [2013-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-12）.
Young, Andrew T. An Introduction to Mirages. SDSU San Diego, CA. 1999–2009 [2009-08-12]. （原始内容存档于2000-10-10）.
Garrett, C.; et al. Light pulse and anamolous dispersion (PDF). Phys. Rev. A. 1969-09-25, 1 (2): 305–313. Bibcode:1970PhRvA...1..305G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.1.305. ^{[永久失效链接]}
List of science website news stories on Left Handed Materials（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Caloz, Christophe. Perspectives on EM metamaterials. Materials Today (Full article is available, click on doi link). 2009-03, 12 (3): 12–20. doi:10.1016/S1369-7021(09)70071-9.

[physicsengineering1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Engheta, N.; Ziolkowski, R. W. Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations. Wiley & Sons. 2006. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-0-471-76102-0.

[emerge-2] Shivola, Ari. "Electromagnetic Emergence in Metamaterials: Deconstruction of terminology of complex media （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Advances in Electromagnetics of Complex Media and Metamaterials. Eds. Saïd Zouhdi, Ari Sihvola, Mohamed Arsalane. pgs. 3-18 Kluewer Academic. 2002.

[APhys1-3] Shelby, R. A.; Smith, D. R.; Shultz, S.; Nemat-Nasser, S. C. Microwave transmission through a two-dimensional, isotropic, left-handed metamaterial (PDF). Applied Physics Letters. 2001, 78 (4): 489 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:2001ApPhL..78..489S. doi:10.1063/1.1343489. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-18）.

[comp-4] 引用错误：没有为名为comp的参考文献提供内容

[first-paper-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Veselago, V. G. The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ε and μ (PDF). Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 1968, 10 (4): 509–514. Bibcode:1968SvPhU..10..509V. doi:10.1070/PU1968v010n04ABEH003699. ^{[永久失效链接]}

[NIST-metamat-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 引用错误：没有为名为NIST-metamat的参考文献提供内容

[EngZol-7] Engheta, N.; Ziolkowski, R. W. A positive future for double-negative metamaterials (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2005, 53 (4): 1535 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:2005ITMTT..53.1535E. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2005.845188. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-11-23）.

[beruete-8] Beruete, M.; Navarro-Cía, M.; Sorolla, M.; Campillo, I. Planoconcave lens by negative refraction of stacked subwavelength hole arrays (PDF). Optics Express. 2008, 16 (13): 9677–9683 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:2008OExpr..16.9677B. PMID 18575535. doi:10.1364/OE.16.009677. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-12-13）.

[alueng-9] Alu, A.; Engheta, N. Guided Modes in a Waveguide Filled with a Pair of Single-Negative (SNG), Double-Negative (DNG), and/or Double-Positive (DPS) Layers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2004, 52: 199. Bibcode:2004ITMTT..52..199A. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2003.821274.

[shalaev-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Shalaev, V. M. Optical negative-index metamaterials (PDF). Nature Photonics. 2007, 1: 41. Bibcode:2007NaPho...1...41S. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2006.49.

[V2003-11] Veselago, Viktor G. Electrodynamics of materials with negative index of refraction (pay wall). Physics-Uspekhi. 2003, 46 (7): 764. Bibcode:2003PhyU...46..764V. doi:10.1070/PU2003v046n07ABEH001614.
Alternate source at:

Lim Hock; Ong Chong Kim, and Serguei Matitsine. Electromagnetic Materials:. Proceedings of the Symposium F (ICMAT 2003). SUNTEC, Singapore: World Scientific. 7–12 December 2003: 115–122. ISBN 978-981-238-372-3. paper by Victor G. Veselago. Electrodynamics of materials with negative index of refraction.

[12] Alternate source at:

[13] Lim Hock; Ong Chong Kim, and Serguei Matitsine. Electromagnetic Materials:. Proceedings of the Symposium F (ICMAT 2003). SUNTEC, Singapore: World Scientific. 7–12 December 2003: 115–122. ISBN 978-981-238-372-3. paper by Victor G. Veselago. Electrodynamics of materials with negative index of refraction.

[GrpVel2-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Dolling, Gunnar; Christian Enkrich; Martin Wegener; Costas M. Soukoulis; Stefan Linden. Simultaneous Negative Phase and Group Velocity of Light in a Metamaterial. Science. 2006, 312 (5775): 892–894. Bibcode:2006Sci...312..892D. PMID 16690860. doi:10.1126/science.1126021.

[GrpVel1-13] Garrett, C. G. B.; D. E. McCumber. Propagation of a Gaussian Light Pulse through an Anomalous Dispersion Medium (PDF). Phys. Rev. A. 1969-09-25, 1 (2): 305–313. Bibcode:1970PhRvA...1..305G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.1.305. ^{[永久失效链接]}

[14] Stenner, M. D.; Gauthier, D. J.; Neifeld, M. A.; Gauthier; Neifeld. The speed of information in a 'fast-light' optical medium. Nature. Oct 2003, 425 (6959): 695–8. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..695S. PMID 14562097. doi:10.1038/nature02016.

[15] FOM Institute. [2013-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-27）.

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