My own Sandbox 2
Swedish | |
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svenska | |
发音 | [ˈsvɛ̂nskâ] |
母语国家和地区 | Sweden, Finland |
母语使用人数 | 8.5 million (2007) |
语系 | 印欧语系
|
早期形式 | Old Swedish
|
文字 | Latin (Swedish alphabet) Swedish Braille |
Tecknad svenska (falling out of use) | |
语言代码 | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
语言瞭望站 | 52-AAA-ck to -cw |
Lingua franca
[编辑]In general linguistics, a vernacular is opposed to a lingua franca, a third-party language in which persons speaking different vernaculars not understood by each other may communicate.[1] For instance, in Western Europe until the 17th century, most scholarly works had been written in Latin, which was serving as a lingua franca. Works written in Romance languages are said to be in the vernacular. In science, an early user of the vernacular was Galileo, writing in Italian.
A non-standard dialect
[编辑]Within the subcategory of sociolinguistics, the term vernacular has been applied to several concepts; unfortunately, it is only possible to identify which is meant in an authored work by context.
In one theory, the vernacular is opposed to the standard. The non-standard varieties thus defined are dialects, which are to be identified as complexes of factors: "social class, region, ethnicity, situation, and so forth." Both the standard and the non-standard language have dialects, but in contrast to the standard, the non-standard have "socially disfavored" structures. The standard are primarily written, but the non-standard are spoken. An example of a vernacular dialect is African American Vernacular English.[2]
Listening
[编辑]
10 December 2013
|
Bayern Munich | 2–3 |
Manchester City |
---|---|---|
Müller 5' Götze 12' |
Report | Silva 28' Kolarov 59'(点球) Milner 62' |
传统做法是单凭学者双耳的听感辨别调值,耳力未必可靠;没有交代取样人数、发音人是否曾在外省上学/打工;没有交代取样的用字;各省方言志以列表简介各地调值,并非专文研究一地的调值。
阴 平读成曲折调423或312,是当地人区别站话的主要标准。此外,站话没有黑龙江方言表示应对的叹词“嗯哪”[n44n¢/n44n«]。郭正彦先生认为 站话与黑龙江西区方言相近,贺巍先生干脆把它归入东北官话黑松片,看作构成黑龙江方言的5小片之一。林焘先生在谈北京官话分区时认为,如果两个方言点在声 韵系统上没有重要的差异,同时调类相同,调值相似,就应该承认这两个方言点属于同一种方言;“调值是 汉语语音中相当敏感的成分,是一般人从听感上判断两个方言是否相似常用的标准。……在其它条件基本相同的情况下,根据调值来确定方言之间的关系,应该说是 比较可靠的”。[4]我们同意林焘先生的意见。站话阴平调的调型、调值与作为北京官话、东北官话一支的黑龙江方言差别很大,含有元 音的Ã系列韵母不仅为黑龙江方言,也为东北官话所没有,再加上没有黑龙江方言常用表应对的叹词“嗯哪”。所以,我们认为,还是把站话看作处于黑龙江方言以 及东北官话包围之中的方言岛,可能更合适一些。[3]
据2004年的研究:台湾的福佬人约70%、客家人约15%、外省人约10%、及原住民约6%[4]。根据被誉为“台湾血液之母”的林妈利医生长期在基因领域的研究,台湾的福佬人及客家人有不少是满清时被迫汉化的平埔族[5],她于2007年的DNA研究显示,全台各族群比率约为:闽南族群73.5%,客家人17.5%,一九四五年之后迁台的外省族群7.5%,原住民占1.5%。[6]依据行政院客家委员会2010年至2011年的全国客家人口基础资料调查研究:在各大族群(单一自我认定)的分布上,“福佬人”占67.5%;“客家人”占13.6%;“大陆各省市人”占7.1%;“原住民”占1.8%[7]。依全台湾人口约2332万(2012年12月)换算
议事
[编辑]EN:Robert's Rules of Order (ver. 11, 2011年; 2008年袁天鹏、孙涤译本)
注
[编辑]- ^ Wardhaugh, Ronald. An introduction to sociolinguistics. Malden, Mass.; Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 2006: 59.
In 1953, UNESCO defined a lingua franca as 'a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them.'
- ^ Wolfram, Walt; Schilling-Estes, Natalie. American English: dialects and variation. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. 1998: 13–16.
- ^ 黑龙江方言概说(2005)聂志平
- ^ 徐富珍、陈信木,台湾当前族群认同状况比较分析台湾人口学会2004年年会暨“人口、家庭与国民健康政策回顾与展望”研讨会论文
- ^ 千枫公视_溯源台湾_台湾族群血缘的来缘_林妈利(完整版)
- ^ 闽客族群 85%有原住民血统, 自由时报, 2007年11月18日
- ^ 行政院客家委员会99年至100年全国客家人口基础资料调查研究