喬克托語
| 喬克托語 | |
|---|---|
| Chahta' | |
| 母語國家和地區 | 美國 |
| 區域 | 奧克拉荷馬州東南部與密西西比州東中部，亦通行於路易斯安那州和田納西州等地。 |
母語使用人數 | 17,890[1] |
| 語系 | |
| 語言代碼 | |
| ISO 639-2 | cho |
| ISO 639-3 | cho |
| ELP | Choctaw |
| 瀕危程度 | |
| 聯合國教科文組織認定的瀕危語言[2] 脆弱（UNESCO）  | |
喬克托語（英語：Choctaw；喬克托語：Chahta'）是一種馬斯科基語族的語言，傳統上通行於美國東南部的原住民族群之一喬克托人之間。儘管有人將契卡索語（Chickasaw）列為喬克托語的其中一種方言，但更多的資料指出，應將契卡索和喬克托語給視為彼此相似但不同的語言。[3]
正寫法
[編輯]喬克托語的書寫系統基於拉丁字母，儘管喬克托語有多種不同的書寫系統，但目最常見的系統為拜印頓系統（Byington）、拜印頓─蘇萬敦系統（Byington/Swanton）和密西西比喬克托族的現代系統。
拜印頓系統（原始）Byington (Original)
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拜印頓─蘇萬敦系統（語言學者所使用）Byington/Swanton (Linguistic)
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現代系統（密西西比喬克托族）
[編輯]
現代系統變體（語言學者所使用）
[編輯]
許多語言學方面的刊物使用的是此處列出的該套現代系統的變體，在此變體中，長母音常藉由兩個母音並寫來表示；另在「語言學者所使用」的版本中，銳音符表示的是音高重音所在的位置，而非母音的長短。
本文以下討論喬克托語語法的部份使用的系統為語言學者用的現代系統變體。
語法形態
[編輯]語序
[編輯]喬克托語語序如下[4]：
- 基本語序：主詞─受詞─動詞(SOV)
- 介詞多為後置詞，即介詞置於其所支配的名詞之後。
- 數詞和指示詞等置於被修飾詞後方，名詞領屬置於其被領屬者的前方。
- 關係子句為頭詞內嵌(Internally headed relative pronoun)的形式。
腳註
[編輯]
- ^ Indigenous Languages Spoken in the United States. [2014-05-12]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-23）.
- ^ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO
- ^ Munro 1984
- ^ 存档副本. [2014-05-12]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-25）.
參考資料
[編輯]- Broadwell, George Aaron. (2006). A Choctaw reference grammar. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
- Broadwell, George Aaron. (1991). "Speaker and self in Choctaw". International Journal of American Linguistics, 57, 411-425.
- Byington, Cyrus. (1915). A dictionary of the Choctaw language. J. R. Swanton & H. S. Halbert (Eds.). Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin 46. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. (Reprinted 1973 & 1978).
- Davies, William. (1986). Choctaw verb agreement and universal grammar." Reidel.
- Downing, Todd. (1974). Chahta anompa: An introduction to the Choctaw language (3rd ed.). Durant, OK: Choctaw Bilingual Education Program, Southeastern Oklahoma State University.
- Haag, Marcia, and Willis, Henry. (2001). Choctaw Language & Culture: Chahta Anumpa, University of Oklahoma Press.
- Haag, Marcia, and Fowler, Loretta. (2001). Chahta Anumpa: A Choctaw Tutorial CD-ROM, University of Oklahoma Press.
- Heath, Jeffrey. (1977). Choctaw cases. Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, 3, 204-213.
- Heath, Jeffrey. (1980). Choctaw suppletive verbs and derivational morphology.
- Howard, Gregg; Eby, Richard; Jones, Charles G. (1991). Introduction to Choctaw: A primer for learning to speak, read and write the Choctaw language. Fayetteville, AR: VIP Pub.
- Jacob, Betty. (1980). Choctaw and Chickasaw. Abstract of paper delivered at the 1978 Muskogean conference. International Journal of American Linguistics, 46, 43.
- Jacob, Betty; Nicklas, Thurston Dale; & Spencer, Betty Lou. (1977). Introduction to Choctaw. Durant, OK: Choctaw Bilingual Education Program, Southeastern Oklahoma State University.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Munro, Pamela. (1987). Some morphological differences between Chickasaw and Choctaw. In P. Munro (Ed.), Muskogean linguistics (pp. 119–133). Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Linguistics.
- Munro, Pamela (Ed.). (1987). Muskogean linguistics. UCLA occasional papers in linguistics (No. 6). Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Linguistics.
- Nicklas, Thurston Dale. (1974). The elements of Choctaw. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor).
- Nicklas, Thurston Dale. (1975). Choctaw morphophonemics. In J. Crawford (Ed.), Studies in southeastern Indian languages (pp. 237–249). Athens: University of Georgia.
- Nicklas, Thurston Dale. (1979). Reference grammar of the Choctaw language. Durant, OK: Choctaw Bilingual Education Program, Southeastern Oklahoma State University.
- Pulte, William. (1975). The position of Chickasaw in Western Muskogean. In J. Crawford (Ed.), Studies in southeastern Indian languages (pp. 251–263). Athens: University of Georgia.
- Ulrich, Charles H. (1986). Choctaw morphophonology. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles).
- Ulrich, Charles H. (1987). Choctaw g-grades and y-grades. In P. Munro (Ed.), Muskogean linguistics (pp. 171–178). Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Linguistics.
- Ulrich, Charles H. (1987). Choctaw verb grades and the nature of syllabification. In A. Bosch, B. Need, & E. Schiller (Eds.), Papers from the 23rd annual regional meeting. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
- Ulrich, Charles H. (1988). The morphophonology of Choctaw verb roots and valence suffixes. In W. Shipley (Ed.), In honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival conference on Native American linguistics (pp. 805–818). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN