滿江紅屬

滿江紅屬; 化石時期：麥斯里希特期-全新世
	Azolla caroliniana
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	維管束植物 Tracheophyta
綱：	真蕨綱 Polypodiopsida
目：	槐葉蘋目 Salviniales
科：	槐葉苹科 Salviniaceae
屬：	滿江紅屬 Azolla; Lam., 1783
模式種
	A. filiculoides;

滿江紅屬（學名：Azolla）是槐葉苹科（原屬滿江紅科）的一個屬，現存七種真蕨類漂浮性水生植物，看起來並不像蕨類而更像浮萍^[2]。該屬的植物在一些地區是入侵植物^[3]。

屬名Azolla源於希臘語azo（使乾燥）和ollyo（殺）的合成詞，指本屬植物容易被乾旱環境影響而死亡。

種

該屬的種包括：^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

此外還有一部分滿江紅屬植物僅存在化石。

生態

滿江紅屬植物繁殖速度極快，其生物量1.9天就能翻倍^[8]，鮮重每公頃達8至10噸，印度的羽葉滿江紅鮮重甚至能達到每公頃37.8噸^[9]。滿江紅通常葉子漂浮在水上，根則垂入水中。

滿江紅和固氮藍細菌Anabaena azollae存在體外共生關係：藍細菌為滿江紅提供氮素，滿江紅為藍細菌提供糖分。^[10]固氮細菌會從一代滿江紅直接（「縱向」）傳到下一代。固氮細菌在共生關係中失去了不少基因，所以不能離開滿江紅在野外生存。通常限制滿江紅生長的營養素是磷。如果水體獲得了大量的磷（例如通過富營養化），那麼滿江紅經常會爆發式地生長。^[11]

滿江紅在東南亞和東亞是傳統的生物肥料（英語：biofertiliser）。在中國，當春天稻田淹水時，農民會種上滿江紅，使其覆蓋水面、抑制雜菜。當水退去後，滿江紅很快就會死去，留下的植物組織逐漸腐爛釋放出大量氮肥：每公頃每年最多可以提供九噸蛋白質。^[12]

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 In: Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 343. 1783. Name - Azolla Lam.. Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. [February 19, 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-19）. Annotation: a sp. nov. reference for Azolla filiculoides
Type Specimens HT: Azolla filiculoides
^ Li, Fay-Wei; Brouwer, Paul; Carretero-Paulet, Lorenzo; Cheng, Shifeng; de Vries, Jan; Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Eily, Ariana; Koppers, Nils; Kuo, Li-Yaung. Fern genomes elucidate land plant evolution and cyanobacterial symbioses. Nature Plants. 2018-07-02, 4 (7): 460–472. ISSN 2055-0278. PMC 6786969 . PMID 29967517. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0188-8 （英語）.
^ Weber, Ewald. Invasive Plant Species of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. 2017: 65 [2021-12-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-16）.
^ Evrard, C.; Van Hove, C. Taxonomy of the American Azolla species (Azollaceae): A critical review. Systematics and Geography of Plants. 2004, 74: 301–318.
^ Name - Azolla Lam. subordinate taxa. Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. [February 19, 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-08）.
^ Query Results for Genus Azolla. IPNI. [February 19, 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-15）.
^ Hussner, A. NOBANIS -- Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet -- Azolla filiculoides (PDF). Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species. Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf. 2006 [February 19, 2010]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2013-01-08）.
^ Iwao Watanabe, Nilda S.Berja. The growth of four species of Azolla as affected by temperature. Aquatic Botany. 1983, 15 (2): 175–185. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(83)90027-X.
^ Hasan, M. R. ; Chakrabarti, R., 2009. Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture: A review. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture technical paper, 531. FAO, Rome, Italy. fao.org/. [18 August 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-09）.
^ Ran, L.; Larsson, J.; Vigil-Stenman, T.; Nylander, J. A.; Ininbergs, K.; Zheng, W. W.; Lapidus, A.; Lowry, S.; Haselkorn, R.; Bergman, B. Genome Erosion in a Nitrogen-Fixing Vertically Transmitted Endosymbiotic Multicellular Cyanobacterium. PLOS ONE. 2010, 5 (7): e11486. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511486R. PMC 2900214 . PMID 20628610. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011486 .
^ The Geological Society of London - The Arctic Azolla event. www.geolsoc.org.uk.
^ FAO figures.

外部連結

The Azolla Foundation: Azolla Non-Profit Information & Guidance Website （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
NSW Flora online: Azolla （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[trop1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 In: Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 343. 1783. Name - Azolla Lam.. Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. [February 19, 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-19）. Annotation: a sp. nov. reference for Azolla filiculoides
Type Specimens HT: Azolla filiculoides

[2] Li, Fay-Wei; Brouwer, Paul; Carretero-Paulet, Lorenzo; Cheng, Shifeng; de Vries, Jan; Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Eily, Ariana; Koppers, Nils; Kuo, Li-Yaung. Fern genomes elucidate land plant evolution and cyanobacterial symbioses. Nature Plants. 2018-07-02, 4 (7): 460–472. ISSN 2055-0278. PMC 6786969 . PMID 29967517. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0188-8 （英語）.

[3] Weber, Ewald. Invasive Plant Species of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. 2017: 65 [2021-12-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-16）.

[4] Evrard, C.; Van Hove, C. Taxonomy of the American Azolla species (Azollaceae): A critical review. Systematics and Geography of Plants. 2004, 74: 301–318.

[trop2-5] Name - Azolla Lam. subordinate taxa. Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. [February 19, 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-08）.

[ipni-6] Query Results for Genus Azolla. IPNI. [February 19, 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-15）.

[nobanis-7] Hussner, A. NOBANIS -- Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet -- Azolla filiculoides (PDF). Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species. Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf. 2006 [February 19, 2010]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2013-01-08）.

[8] Iwao Watanabe, Nilda S.Berja. The growth of four species of Azolla as affected by temperature. Aquatic Botany. 1983, 15 (2): 175–185. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(83)90027-X.

[9] Hasan, M. R. ; Chakrabarti, R., 2009. Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture: A review. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture technical paper, 531. FAO, Rome, Italy. fao.org/. [18 August 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-09）.

[10] Ran, L.; Larsson, J.; Vigil-Stenman, T.; Nylander, J. A.; Ininbergs, K.; Zheng, W. W.; Lapidus, A.; Lowry, S.; Haselkorn, R.; Bergman, B. Genome Erosion in a Nitrogen-Fixing Vertically Transmitted Endosymbiotic Multicellular Cyanobacterium. PLOS ONE. 2010, 5 (7): e11486. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511486R. PMC 2900214 . PMID 20628610. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011486 .

[11] The Geological Society of London - The Arctic Azolla event. www.geolsoc.org.uk.

[12] FAO figures.

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