白茶花騎士團

白茶花騎士團（Knights of the White Camelia）是一個美國政治恐怖組織，於19世紀末在美國南部活動。它支持白人至上並反對自由民的權利，與三K黨亦有關聯。^[1]

歷史

1867年5月22日，聯盟軍德布朗克上校（英語：Alcibiades DeBlanc）以白茶花為名，在路易斯安那州富蘭克林創立了白茶花騎士團。克里斯托弗·朗（Christopher Long）稱，「其成員宣誓支持白人至上，反對種族融合，抵制所謂的提包客對社會和政治的侵占，並支持恢復白人對政府的控制」。^[2]^[3] 歷史學家尼古拉斯·萊曼（Nicholas Lemann）稱該騎士團為路易斯安那州的首要恐怖組織。^[4] 他們的策略（包括「騷擾、鞭笞，有時還包括謀殺」）「在1868年夏秋兩季在該州的黑人中製造了恐怖統治」。 ^[5]

白茶花騎士團主要活躍於深南部的南部地區。其成員包括路易斯安那州法官泰勒·比第（英語：Taylor Beattie），他領導了1887年的錫伯杜大屠殺（英語：Thibodaux massacre）。歷史學家喬治·拉博（George C. Rable）指出，「儘管共和黨人在這些暴行中看到了準備大規模陰謀的證據，但在路易斯安那州，和其他地方相似，白人恐怖分子的活動並沒有超出地方層面。」 ^[6] 不同於三K黨的成員大多來自南方下層階級（主要是同盟國退伍軍人），白茶花騎士團主要由南方上層階級組成，包括地主、報紙編輯、醫生和軍官。他們通常也是同盟軍的退伍軍人，在戰前處於上層社會。1869年之後，騎士團逐漸走向衰落。更激進的人加入了1870年代中期成立的白人聯盟或類似的準軍事組織。到1870年，最初的白茶花騎士團大部分已不復存在。^[7]

影響

1939年，時代雜誌報道稱，西弗吉尼亞州的反猶分子George E. Deatherage將自己描述為「白茶花騎士團的全國總指揮」。^[8] 在1990年代，位於德克薩斯州東部的一個三K黨組織採用了同樣的名稱。根據《上帝的戰士》一書，新時代的白茶花在德克薩斯州的維多市（英語：Vidor, Texas）具有很強的影響力。^[9]自從「白茶花」這個名字回歸以來，路易斯安那州和佛羅里達州也出現了以「白茶花」（有時拼寫為Kamelia）為名的三K黨團體。

參考文獻

^ Fleming, Walter Lynwood. Ku Klux Klan. Chisholm, Hugh (編). Encyclopædia Britannica 15 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 942. 1911.
^ Christopher Long, "KNIGHTS OF THE WHITE CAMELLIA", Handbook of Texas Online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, accessed 17 February 2017
^ Similarly, author Beth Rowland in an article titled, "Home Grown Terrorists " at http://www.historynet.com/home-grown-terrorists.htm （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） wrote, " WHILE THE ACTIVITIES of the KGC [Knights of the Golden Circle] might have fanned post-war flames, two other Southern secret societies employed outright terror and violence to stoke the fire. Both the Ku Klux Klan and the Knights of the White Camellia resolved to reverse the changes that were imposed on the South and return Southern society to its prewar order, especially when it came to white supremacy."
^ Nicholas Lemann, "Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War", 2006, p. 25.
^ James G. Dauphine, "The Knights of the White Camelia and the Election of 1868: Louisiana's White Terrorists; A Benighting Legacy", Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Spring, 1989), pp. 173-190.
^ George C. Rable, "But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction", 2007 edition, p. 75.
^ Christopher Long, "KNIGHTS OF THE WHITE CAMELLIA", Handbook of Texas Online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, accessed 28 June 2010
^ TIMES, Special to THE NEW YORK. DEATHERAGE LOSES JOB AT NAVY BASE BY ORDER OF KNOX; Ex-Head of Knights of White Camellia Is 'Undesirable' for Such Work, Says Secretary WAS ENGINEER AT NORFOLK At Dies 1939 Inquiry He Told of Contacts With Nazis -- Tried to Unite U.S. 'Fascists'. The New York Times. 1942-02-24 [2022-03-22]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-22）（美國英語）.
^ Bushart, Howard L.; Craig, John R.; Barnes, Myra Edwards. Soldiers of God: White Supremacists and Their Holy War for America. Soldiers of God. Kensington Publishing Corporation. 2000 [2022-03-22]. ISBN 978-1-57566-659-4. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-22）（英語）.

[EB1911-1] Fleming, Walter Lynwood. Ku Klux Klan. Chisholm, Hugh (編). Encyclopædia Britannica 15 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 942. 1911.

[2] Christopher Long, "KNIGHTS OF THE WHITE CAMELLIA", Handbook of Texas Online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, accessed 17 February 2017

[3] Similarly, author Beth Rowland in an article titled, "Home Grown Terrorists " at http://www.historynet.com/home-grown-terrorists.htm （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） wrote, " WHILE THE ACTIVITIES of the KGC [Knights of the Golden Circle] might have fanned post-war flames, two other Southern secret societies employed outright terror and violence to stoke the fire. Both the Ku Klux Klan and the Knights of the White Camellia resolved to reverse the changes that were imposed on the South and return Southern society to its prewar order, especially when it came to white supremacy."

[4] Nicholas Lemann, "Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War", 2006, p. 25.

[5] James G. Dauphine, "The Knights of the White Camelia and the Election of 1868: Louisiana's White Terrorists; A Benighting Legacy", Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Spring, 1989), pp. 173-190.

[6] George C. Rable, "But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction", 2007 edition, p. 75.

[7] Christopher Long, "KNIGHTS OF THE WHITE CAMELLIA", Handbook of Texas Online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, accessed 28 June 2010

[8] TIMES, Special to THE NEW YORK. DEATHERAGE LOSES JOB AT NAVY BASE BY ORDER OF KNOX; Ex-Head of Knights of White Camellia Is 'Undesirable' for Such Work, Says Secretary WAS ENGINEER AT NORFOLK At Dies 1939 Inquiry He Told of Contacts With Nazis -- Tried to Unite U.S. 'Fascists'. The New York Times. 1942-02-24 [2022-03-22]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-22）（美國英語）.

[9] Bushart, Howard L.; Craig, John R.; Barnes, Myra Edwards. Soldiers of God: White Supremacists and Their Holy War for America. Soldiers of God. Kensington Publishing Corporation. 2000 [2022-03-22]. ISBN 978-1-57566-659-4. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-22）（英語）.

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