單親二體

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單親二體(Uniparental Disomy, UPD)或稱單親源二體,單親二體是指個體的同源染色體[1][2][3][4][5][6]或其上的一部分[2]均來自於雙親中一方而不攜帶另一方的拷貝[7],後者被稱為片段單親二體(segmental UPD)或部分單親二體(partial isodisomy)。[8]有時,單親二體僅指來自同一親本的整個染色體的兩個拷貝,不包含片段單親二倍體。[3][9][10][11]該遺傳方式並不遵循孟德爾定律

UDP的概念首先由Eric Engel在1980年引入[4],最早的被證實的UPD病例報告於1987年[12]。有研究認為UPD少見於表型健康的人群,也很少見於自然流產組織(0.5%[13])。[1]

分類[編輯]

單親二體包含單親同二體(isodisomy, isoUPD, iUPD, UPiD)和單親異二體(heterodisomy, hetUPD, hUPD, UPhD)[14][15][11],前者為來自同一親本一條同源染色體單體的兩個拷貝,後者為來自同一親本的每個染色體一個拷貝[10];單親二體根據來源的親本分為父源單親二體(paternal uniparental disomy,pUPD)和母源單親二體(maternal uniparental disomy,mUPD)。[2]

形成機制[編輯]

UPD形成的可能機制包括配子互補、三體合子拯救、合子後單體拯救和有絲分裂異常等。[16][17] 其中,三體合子拯救是最常見的機制。[18]

配子互補途徑[編輯]

這種情況下可能精子卵細胞均異常,如攜帶兩個染色體拷貝的精子和沒有攜帶該染色體拷貝的卵細胞結合形成受精卵(反之亦然),即為單親同二體;也有可能只有一個配子異常,該情況下產生的UPD和三體合子拯救和單體拯救有關。

三體合子拯救[編輯]

單親同二體和單親異二體的形成機制示意圖

三體救援可能是儘可能保持胎兒存活的自然方法,同時含有某一(或多個)染色體的三個拷貝的受精卵失去其中一個染色體以恢復為二體性染色體,由於丟失的染色體可能是隨機選擇的,該情況可能產生單親異二體或正常的合子。

單體拯救途徑[編輯]

在單體細胞系是不可能存活的假設下,細胞可能通過分離錯誤或單個拷貝的重複以恢復二體性。該途徑將產生單親同二體。

檢測手段[編輯]

單親二倍體的經典識別手段是通過單核苷酸多態性(SNP)的微陣列,也可以從全基因組或全外顯子組測序中識別出來[19][20]

一般研究中將有一個或多個連續性純合片段覆蓋的一整個染色體視為UPD[13]

影響[編輯]

UDP主要通過基因印跡障礙[7]、潛在的致病基因的純合[7][21]和嵌合現象導致疾病。[8]

另見[編輯]

參考文獻[編輯]

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  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 单亲二体及其在癌症中的作用研究进展. www.sciengine.com. [2024-01-16]. PMC 8800777可免費查閱. PMID 31901032. doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2019.10.15. (原始內容存檔於2024-01-05) (中文). Uniparental disomy (UPD) refers to a chromosome defect that an individual's homologous chromosome or segments are inherited from one parent. 
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