布拉拉語

布拉拉語
布拉拉語
區域	北領地
族群	布拉拉族、Gadjalivia
母語使用人數	995 （2016年人口普查）
語系	大帕馬-恩永甘語系？阿納姆地語系？布拉拉語族布拉拉語; ; ;
方言	Gun-narta (Gidjingaliya、Anbarra) Gun-nartpa (Gudjarlabiya) Gun-narda (Martay)
語言代碼
ISO 639-3	bvr
Glottolog	bura1267
AIATSIS	N82
ELP	Burarra

布拉拉語(Burarra)是阿納姆地一種由布拉拉族使用的澳大利亞原住民語言，有幾種方言。

詹古語人群中有個布拉拉部落，時常會和布拉拉語混淆。^[4]

分類

布拉拉語不是帕馬-恩永甘語系語言。它與古爾-戈尼語等幾種語言構成布拉拉語族。^[5]^[6]^[7]

分佈

布拉拉族來自阿納姆地中部和中北部的Blyth和Cadell河流域，但目前更多人住在更西邊利物浦河河口的的曼寧立達（Maningrida）鎮。^[5]^[8]

方言

Glasgow (1994)分出3種方言：Gun-nartpa (來自Cadell河流域的Mu-golarra/Mukarli族群)、Gun-narta (Blythe河河口西側An-barra)和Gun-narda (Blythe河東岸Martay)。這些名稱都來自方言的指示代詞「那」。她還註釋道後兩個方言(Gun-narta和Gun-narda) 常被劃到一起，並被其東部鄰接族群稱為「布拉拉」，自稱則是「Gu-jingarliya」(「語言/用舌頭」)。

Green (1987)分出2種方言：Gun-nartpa和布拉拉話(Gu-jingarliya)，但註釋道布拉拉話使用者中存在顯著的方言差異。

音系

輔音

布拉拉語輔音音素^[9]^:37–39
	唇音	齒齦音	捲舌音	硬顎音	軟齶音
強塞音	p	t	ʈ	c	k
弱塞音	b	d	ɖ	ɟ	g
鼻音	m	n	ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
邊音		l	ɭ
R音		r	ɽ/ɹ
滑音	w			j

多數情況下塞音的強弱分別對應清濁。^[10]這種情況下，塞音通過口內壓峰值和持阻時間區分。強輔音的持阻一般更長，口內壓也更高，弱輔音則有擦音或近音的自由變體。^[9]

元音

布拉拉語有5個元音。

布拉拉語元音^[9]
	前	央	後
閉	i		u
半開	ɛ (e)		o
開		ɐ (a)

元音可以實現為：

/i/：半閉前元音[e]或[ɪ]

/a/：開央元音或schwa

/ɛ/：[ɛ]或[e]

/o/：[o]或[ɔ]

/u/：schwa，半開後圓唇元音[ö]的低化，或[ʊ]^[9]

語法

布拉拉語是一種前綴綜合語。動詞可以通過前綴實現主語和賓語之間的互指，有時和語態的屈折。有幾個動詞可以表達體、複合動作和使役。^[5]

名詞有變格，有4個類(an-、jin-、mun-和gun-)。^[5]^[8]

閱讀更多

Capell, A. 1942. Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia. Oceania, 12 (4), 364-392.

Elwell, Vanessa. 1977. Multilingualism and lingua francas among Australian Aborigines: A case study of Maningrida. Honours Thesis, Australian National University.

Elwell, Vanessa. 1982. Some social factors affecting multilingualism among Aboriginal Australians: a case study of Maningrida. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 36: 83-103.

Glasgow, Kathleen. 1981. Burarra phonemes. In Work papers of SIL-AAB, series A (Vol. 5). Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Glasgow, Kathleen. 1994. Burarra–Gun-nartpa dictionary with English finder list. Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Green, Rebecca. 1987. A sketch grammar of Burarra. Honours Thesis, Australian National University Canberra.

Green, R. 2003. Proto Maningrida within Proto Arnhem: evidence from verbal inflectional suffixes. In N. Evans (Ed.), The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of Northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region (pp. 369–421). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Handelsmann, Robert. 1996. Needs Survey of Community Languages: Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory (Maningrida and Outstations). Report to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, Canberra.

Trefry, D. (1983). Discerning the back vowels /u/ and /o/ in Burarra, a language of the Australian Northern Territory. Working papers of the Speech and Language Research Centre, 3 (6), pp. 19–51.

參考

^ Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+). stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. [2017-10-29]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-26）（澳大利亞英語）.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Burarra. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^ N82 布拉拉語 at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies（英語：Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies）
^ N135 Burarra (Djangu) at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies（英語：Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies）
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Green, Rebecca. A sketch grammar of Burarra. Canberra: Honours thesis, Australian National University. 1987.
^ Elwell, Vanessa. Multilingualism and lingua francas among Australian Aborigines: A case study of Maningrida. Canberra: Honours Thesis, Australian National University. 1977.
^ O'Grady, G.N.; Voegelin, C.F. Languages of the world: Indo-Pacific Fascicle Six. Anthropological Linguistics. 1967.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Glasgow, Kathleen. Burarra–Gun-nartpa dictionary with English finder list. Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1994.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 Graetzer, Naomi. An Acoustic Study of Coarticulation: Consonant-Vowel and Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Four Australian Languages. MA Thesis. 2005,. University of Melbourne.
^ Fortis and lenis. notendur.hi.is. [2018-12-22]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-07）.

外部連結

ELAR archive of Gun-nartpa （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[1] Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+). stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. [2017-10-29]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-26）（澳大利亞英語）.

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Burarra. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[AIATSIS-3] N82 布拉拉語 at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies（英語：Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies）

[4] N135 Burarra (Djangu) at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies（英語：Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies）

[:0-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Green, Rebecca. A sketch grammar of Burarra. Canberra: Honours thesis, Australian National University. 1987.

[6] Elwell, Vanessa. Multilingualism and lingua francas among Australian Aborigines: A case study of Maningrida. Canberra: Honours Thesis, Australian National University. 1977.

[7] O'Grady, G.N.; Voegelin, C.F. Languages of the world: Indo-Pacific Fascicle Six. Anthropological Linguistics. 1967.

[:1-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Glasgow, Kathleen. Burarra–Gun-nartpa dictionary with English finder list. Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1994.

[:02-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 Graetzer, Naomi. An Acoustic Study of Coarticulation: Consonant-Vowel and Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Four Australian Languages. MA Thesis. 2005,. University of Melbourne.

[10] Fortis and lenis. notendur.hi.is. [2018-12-22]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-07）.

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