聚乙烯亞胺

聚乙烯亞胺（Polyethyleneimine，PEI）分為線性和分枝狀兩種，線性聚乙烯亞胺包含的全是仲胺，而分枝狀聚乙烯亞胺中有伯胺、仲胺和叔胺基。任何分子量的線性聚乙烯亞胺在常溫下是固體，而分枝狀聚乙烯亞胺是液體。線性PEI可溶於熱水中或低pH的甲醇、乙醇或氯仿中，但不溶於冷水、苯、乙醚和丙酮；聚合物鏈的一端是甲基，另一端是氨基；熔點為73－75℃；可貯存在室溫中。

應用

附着力促進劑

聚乙烯亞胺在細胞培養中可增強黏附力較弱的細胞的黏附力。PEI是陽離子聚合物，細胞外表面的負電荷附着到覆蓋有PEI的培養皿底面，為細胞和平板之間提供了更強的附着力。不過，聚乙烯亞胺有很強的細胞毒性。^[1]

轉染試劑

聚乙烯亞胺是歷史上繼多聚賴氨酸之後發現的第二種聚合物轉染試劑^[2]。PEI能將DNA縮合成帶正電荷的微粒，這些微粒可以黏合到帶有負電荷的細胞表面殘基，並通過胞吞作用進入細胞。一旦進入細胞，胺的質子化導致反離子大量湧入以及滲透勢降低。上述變化導致的滲透膨脹使囊泡釋放聚合物與DNA形成的複合物（polyplex）進入細胞質。複合物拆解後，DNA就能自由的融合到細胞核中。^[3]^[4]PEI有很強的細胞毒性^[5]，作用機理分為兩種^[6]，一種是使細胞膜破碎導致（即刻的）細胞壞死，另一種是在胞吞後導致線粒體膜破碎，最終導致（延遲的）細胞凋亡。

線性PEI可通過水解聚(2-乙基-2-噁唑啉)合成^[7]並以jetPEI的名稱銷售^[8]。目前這一代的in-vivo-jetPEI使用定製的聚(2-乙基-2-噁唑啉)複合物作為前體。^[9]

參考文獻

^ Vancha AR; et al. Use of polyethyleneimine polymer in cell culture as attachment factor and lipofection enhancer. BMC Biotechnology. 2004, 4: 23. PMC 526208 . PMID 15485583. doi:10.1186/1472-6750-4-23.
^ Boussif, O. et al. A Versatile Vector for Gene and Oligonucleotide Transfer into Cells in Culture and in vivo: Polyethylenimine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92, 7297-7301, doi:10.1073/pnas.92.16.7297 (1995)
^ Rudolph, C; Lausier, J; Naundorf, S; Müller, RH; Rosenecker, J. In vivo gene delivery to the lung using polyethylenimine and fractured polyamidoamine dendrimers.. Journal of Gene Medicine. 2000, 2(4) (4): 269–78 [2010-09-08]. PMID 10953918. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-07）.
^ Akinc, A; Thomas, M; Klibanov, AM; Langer, R. Exploring polyethylenimine-mediated DNA transfection and the proton sponge hypothesis.. Journal of Gene Medicine. 2004, 7(5) (5): 657–663. PMID 15543529. doi:10.1002/jgm.696.
^ Hunter, A. C. Molecular hurdles in polyfectin design and mechanistic background to polycation induced cytotoxicity. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 58, 1523-1531 (2006)
^ Moghimi, S. M. et al. A two-stage poly(ethylenimine)-mediated cytotoxicity: implications for gene transfer/therapy. Molecular Therapy 11, 990-995 (2005)
^ Brissault, B. et al. Synthesis of Linear Polyethylenimine Derivatives for DNA Transfection. Bioconjugate Chemistry 14, 581-587 (2003)
^ 存档副本. [2010-04-02]. （原始內容存檔於2010-03-02）.
^ 存档副本. [2010-09-08]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-05）.

[Vancha_2004-1] Vancha AR; et al. Use of polyethyleneimine polymer in cell culture as attachment factor and lipofection enhancer. BMC Biotechnology. 2004, 4: 23. PMC 526208 . PMID 15485583. doi:10.1186/1472-6750-4-23.

[2] Boussif, O. et al. A Versatile Vector for Gene and Oligonucleotide Transfer into Cells in Culture and in vivo: Polyethylenimine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92, 7297-7301, doi:10.1073/pnas.92.16.7297 (1995)

[Rudolf_2000-3] Rudolph, C; Lausier, J; Naundorf, S; Müller, RH; Rosenecker, J. In vivo gene delivery to the lung using polyethylenimine and fractured polyamidoamine dendrimers.. Journal of Gene Medicine. 2000, 2(4) (4): 269–78 [2010-09-08]. PMID 10953918. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-07）.

[Aknic_2004-4] Akinc, A; Thomas, M; Klibanov, AM; Langer, R. Exploring polyethylenimine-mediated DNA transfection and the proton sponge hypothesis.. Journal of Gene Medicine. 2004, 7(5) (5): 657–663. PMID 15543529. doi:10.1002/jgm.696.

[5] Hunter, A. C. Molecular hurdles in polyfectin design and mechanistic background to polycation induced cytotoxicity. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 58, 1523-1531 (2006)

[6] Moghimi, S. M. et al. A two-stage poly(ethylenimine)-mediated cytotoxicity: implications for gene transfer/therapy. Molecular Therapy 11, 990-995 (2005)

[7] Brissault, B. et al. Synthesis of Linear Polyethylenimine Derivatives for DNA Transfection. Bioconjugate Chemistry 14, 581-587 (2003)

[8] 存档副本. [2010-04-02]. （原始內容存檔於2010-03-02）.

[9] 存档副本. [2010-09-08]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-05）.

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