幽靈蛛科
幽靈蛛科
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| 家幽靈蛛 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 綱： | 蛛形綱 Arachnida |
| 目： | 蜘蛛目 Araneae |
| 亞目： | 背突蛛亞目 Opisthothelae |
| 下目： | 新蛛亞目 Araneomorphae |
| 總科： | 幽靈蛛總科 Pholcoidea |
| 科： | 幽靈蛛科 Pholcidae C. L. Koch, 1851[1] |
| 屬 | |
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幽靈蛛科（學名：Pholcidae），是蜘蛛目中的一個科，其下的物種通稱為幽靈蜘蛛，是家中常見的蜘蛛。
特徵
[編輯]幽靈蜘蛛體態纖細，腿部細長，所以在英語中又被稱為「長腿叔叔」(daddy longlegs)。外貌與盲蛛相似，外觀容易混淆。幽靈蜘蛛體型小、看似纖細，但這些特點卻有益於幽靈蜘蛛捕食獵物，甚至是同類。幽靈蜘蛛通常使用纖長的腿把獵物制住，確保獵物停留在攻擊範圍內。幽靈蜘蛛有一對毒牙，毒性並不強。當幽靈蜘蛛遇上危險，會以上下及左右的擺幅來避開攻擊。 較常見的幽靈蜘蛛大多利用腹部使力，上下搖動。 幽靈蜘蛛喜歡吃比自己大型的蜘蛛，牠們自然界的天敵有蜈蚣和大蘭多毒蛛等。
分佈
[編輯]幽靈蜘蛛算是世界上分佈十分廣泛的蜘蛛，從極北的堪察加半島到有世界屋脊之稱的青藏高原，最後到靠近南極的火地島均能找到牠的蹤跡，目前全世界只有南極州、冰島、格陵蘭島和加拿大極北之地沒有幽靈蜘蛛的存在。
屬
[編輯]截至西元2015年11月，World Spider Catalog認可了以下的屬：[1]
- Aetana Huber, 2005
- Anansus Huber, 2007
- Anopsicus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938
- 熱帶蛛屬 Artema Walckenaer, 1837
- Aucana Huber, 2000
- Aymaria Huber, 2000
- 貝爾蛛屬 Belisana Thorell, 1898
- Blancoa Huber, 2000
- Buitinga Huber, 2003
- Calapnita Simon, 1892
- Calapnita bariengi Huber, 2017[2]
- Calapnita bario Huber, 2017[2]
- Calapnita bohoi Huber, 2017[2]
- Calapnita bugis Huber, 2017[2]
- Calapnita dayak Huber, 2017[2]
- Calapnita dinagat Huber, 2017[2]
- Calapnita lawangan Huber, 2017[2]
- Calapnita loksado Huber, 2017[2]
- Calapnita longa Yao & Li, 2013
- Calapnita mae Huber, 2017[2]
- Calapnita magaseng Huber, 2017[2]
- Calapnita maragusan Huber, 2017[2]
- Calapnita nunezae Huber, 2017[2]
- Calapnita saluang Huber, 2011
- Calapnita vermiformis Simon, 1892
- Canaima Huber, 2000
- Carapoia González-Sponga, 1998
- Carapoia abdita Huber, 2016
- Carapoia agilis Huber, 2018
- Carapoia alagoas Huber, 2016
- Carapoia bispina Huber, 2018
- Carapoia brescoviti Huber, 2005
- Carapoia cambridgei (Mello-Leitão, 1947)
- Carapoia capixaba Huber, 2016
- Carapoia carvalhoi Huber, 2016
- Carapoia carybei Huber, 2016
- Carapoia crasto Huber, 2005
- Carapoia dandarae Huber, 2016
- Carapoia divisa Huber, 2016
- Carapoia djavani Huber, 2018
- Carapoia exigua Huber, 2018
- Carapoia fowleri Huber, 2000
- Carapoia genitalis (Moenkhaus, 1898)
- Carapoia gracilis Huber, 2016
- Carapoia jiboia Huber, 2016
- Carapoia kaxinawa Huber, 2018
- Carapoia levii (Huber, 2000)
- Carapoia lutea (Keyserling, 1891)
- Carapoia macacu Huber, 2016
- Carapoia maculata Huber, 2018
- Carapoia marceloi Huber, 2016
- Carapoia mirim Huber, 2016
- Carapoia munduruku Huber, 2018
- Carapoia nairae Huber, 2016
- Carapoia ocaina Huber, 2000
- Carapoia paraguaensis González-Sponga, 1998
- Carapoia patafina Huber, 2016[3]
- Carapoia pau Huber, 2016
- Carapoia pulchra Huber, 2018
- Carapoia rheimsae Huber, 2005
- Carapoia rubra Huber, 2018
- Carapoia saltinho Huber, 2016
- Carapoia septentrionalis Huber, 2016
- Carapoia suassunai Huber, 2018
- Carapoia tapajos Huber, 2018
- Carapoia tenuis Huber, 2018
- Carapoia ubatuba Huber, 2005
- Carapoia una Huber, 2005
- Carapoia utinga Huber, 2018
- Carapoia viridis Huber, 2016
- Carapoia voltavelha Huber, 2016
- Carapoia zumbii Huber, 2016
- Cenemus Saaristo, 2001
- Chibchea Huber, 2000
- Chichiriviche González-Sponga, 2011b
- Chisosa Huber, 2000
- Ciboneya Pérez, 2001
- Codazziella González-Sponga, 2005
- Coryssocnemis Simon, 1893
- 壺蛛屬 Crossopriza Simon, 1893
- Enetea Huber, 2000
- Galapa Huber, 2000
- Gertschiola Brignoli, 1981
- Guaranita Huber, 2000
- Holocneminus Berland, 1942
- Holocnemus Simon, 1873
- Hoplopholcus Kulczy?ski, 1908
- Ibotyporanga Mello-Leitão, 1944
- Ixchela Huber, 2000
- Kambiwa Huber, 2000
- 呵叻蛛屬 Khorata Huber, 2005
- Leptopholcus Simon, 1893
- Litoporus Simon, 1893
- Mecolaesthus Simon, 1893
- Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998
- Metagonia Simon, 1893
- Micromerys Bradley, 1877
- Micropholcus Deeleman-Reinhold & Prinsen, 1987
- Modisimus Simon, 1893
- Nerudia Huber, 2000
- Ninetis Simon, 1890
- Nita Huber & El-Hennawy, 2007
- Nyikoa Huber, 2007
- Ossinissa Dimitrov & Ribera, 2005
- Otavaloa Huber, 2000
- Panjange Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1983
- Papiamenta Huber, 2000
- Paramicromerys Millot, 1946
- Pehrforsskalia Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten, 2001
- Pholcophora Banks, 1896
- 幽靈蛛屬 Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805
- Physocyclus Simon, 1893
- Pisaboa Huber, 2000
- Platnicknia Özdikmen & Demir, 2009
- Pomboa Huber, 2000
- Priscula Simon, 1893
- Psilochorus Simon, 1893
- Quamtana Huber, 2003
- Queliceria González-Sponga, 2003
- Savarna Huber, 2005
- Sihala Huber, 2011
- Smeringopina Kraus, 1957
- 怒蛛屬 Smeringopus Simon, 1890
- 六眼幽靈蛛屬 Spermophora Hentz, 1841
- Spermophorides Wunderlich, 1992
- Stenosfemuraia González-Sponga, 1998
- Stygopholcus Absolon & Kratochvíl, 1932
- Systenita Simon, 1893
- Tainonia Huber, 2000
- Tangguoa Yao & Li, 2021
- Teuia Huber, 2000
- Tibetia Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2006
- Tolteca Huber, 2000
- Trichocyclus Simon, 1908
- Tupigea Huber, 2000
- Uthina Simon, 1893
- Wanniyala Huber & Benjamin, 2005
- Waunana Huber, 2000
- Waunana anchicaya Huber, 2000
- Waunana eberhardi Huber, 2000
- Waunana modesta (Banks, 1929)
- Waunana tulcan Huber, 2000
- Wugigarra Huber, 2001
- Zatavua Huber, 2003
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Family: Pholcidae C. L. Koch, 1850 (genus list), World Spider Catalog (Natural History Museum Bern), [2015-11-10], （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）
- ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 Huber, Bernhard A. 2017. Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Southeast Asian Leaf-Dwelling Spider Genus Calapnita Simon (Araneae, Pholcidae). Zootaxa. 4219(1); 1–63. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4219.1.1
- ^ Bernhard A. Huber. 2016. Spider Diversity and Endemism in A South American Hotspot: 20 New Species of Carapoia (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. Zootaxa. 4177(1); 1-69. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4177.1.1
- Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G (eds.) (2007) Harvestmen – The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-02343-9