油口蘑
外觀
油口蘑![]() | |
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科學分類 ![]() | |
界: | 真菌界 Fungi |
門: | 擔子菌門 Basidiomycota |
綱: | 傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes |
目: | 傘菌目 Agaricales |
科: | 口蘑科 Tricholomataceae |
屬: | 口蘑屬 Tricholoma |
種: | 油口蘑 T. equestre
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二名法 | |
Tricholoma equestre |
油口蘑 | |
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![]() | 子實層上有菌褶 |
![]() | 蕈傘為平坦 |
![]() | 子實層附生 |
![]() | 蕈柄裸露 |
![]() | 孢印白色 |
![]() | 菌根真菌 |
![]() | 不建議食用 |
油口蘑(學名:Tricholoma equestre)是傘菌目口蘑屬的一種真菌,最早於1753年由林奈在《植物種志》發表描述,當時被歸於傘菌屬中,名為Agaricus equestris[1]。1871年,德國真菌學家保羅·庫默爾將本種移入口蘑屬中[2]。本種過去為複合種,現已分拆出許多獨立物種[3]。
油口蘑的蕈傘直徑為5—15公分,呈黃色,中心稍帶棕色;蕈柄長4—10公分,呈黃色,基部為棕色;蕈褶亦為黃色,擔孢子為白色[4]。本種可與歐洲赤松與銀冷杉等樹木形成外菌根,在歐洲、北美洲、中美洲、非洲與日本均有分佈[3]。
油口蘑過去在歐洲被認為可食[5],有記載指中世紀的法蘭西騎士會食用本種,農民則食用較為廉價的乳牛肝菌[6]。但也有疑似食用油口蘑後發生蕈類中毒的案例,症狀包括肌肉無力、疼痛、尿液顏色變深、噁心、出汗等[7],甚至有食用後致死的案例[8],中毒機制疑似為橫紋肌溶解症[9]。不過也有研究認為沒有足夠證據指本種有毒[10]。北美洲尚無食用本種中毒的案例[11],有研究認為北美洲的油口蘑實為外型相似的另一物種[12]。
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Linnaeus, C. Species Plantarum: Tomus II. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). 1753: 1173 (拉丁語).
- ^ Nilson, Sven; Olle Persson. Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. 1977: 24. ISBN 0-14-063006-6.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Moukha, Serge; Férandon, Cyril; Beroard, Erika; Guinberteau, Jacques; Castandet, Benoît; Callac, Philippe; Creppy, Edmond; Barroso, Gérard. A molecular contribution to the assessment of the Tricholoma equestre species complex. Fungal Biology. 2013-02, 117 (2): 145–155. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.01.003.
- ^ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2012: 160–161. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ Phillips, Roger. Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America
. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. 2010: 49. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- ^ Lamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie. The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Könemann. 2005: 90. ISBN 3-8331-1239-5.
- ^ Meister, John; Reddy, Kathleen. Rhabdomyolysis: An Overview. The American Journal of Nursing. 2002, 102 (2): 75–79. ISSN 0002-936X. JSTOR 3522796. PMID 11953525. doi:10.1097/00000446-200202000-00028.
- ^ Bedry R, Baudrimont I, Deffieux G, et al. Wild-mushroom intoxication as a cause of rhabdomyolysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 345 (11): 798–802. PMID 11556299. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010581
.
- ^ Saviuc, Phillippe; Danel, Vincent. New syndromes in mushroom poisoning. Toxicological Reviews. 2006, 25 (3): 199–209. PMID 17192123. S2CID 24320633. doi:10.2165/00139709-200625030-00004.
- ^ Rzymski, Piotr; Klimaszyk, Piotr. Is the Yellow Knight Mushroom Edible or Not? A Systematic Review and Critical Viewpoints on the Toxicity of Tricholoma equestre. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2018-09, 17 (5): 1309–1324. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12374.
- ^ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. 2006: 125. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
- ^ Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe. Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. 2009: 102. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.