互鹵化物

互鹵化物也稱鹵素間化合物，是指鹵素之間形成的化合物，通式為XY_n，其中X重於Y，n通常為奇數。

	F	Cl	Br	I	At
F	F₂
Cl	ClF、ClF₃、ClF₅	Cl₂
Br	BrF、BrF₃、BrF₅	BrCl	Br₂
I	IF、IF₃、IF₅、IF₇	ICl、I₂Cl₆	IBr、IBr₃	I₂
At	—	AtCl	AtBr	AtI	At₂(?)

目前未發現有由三種或以上的鹵素組成的互鹵化物，^[1] 儘管一些書籍說明IFCl
2 和 IF
2Cl 已被合成，^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] 並且理論上，通式為 BrClF
n的化合物是穩定的。^[6]

類型[編輯]

XY型：ClF、BrF、IF、BrCl、ICl、AtCl（英語：Astatine monochloride）、IBr、AtBr、AtI
XY₃型：ClF₃、BrF₃、IF₃、I₂Cl₆
XY₅型：ClF₅、BrF₅、IF₅
XY₇型：IF₇

特性[編輯]

互鹵化物都是小分子共價化合物。熔點、沸點都較低。大多不穩定（常見的鹵素互化物的反應活性為ClF₃﹥BrF₅﹥IF₇﹥ClF﹥BrF₃﹥IF₅﹥BrF ），易水解，並且各種化合物水解產物也不盡相同。水解產物中如果有不穩定的物種如次碘酸、亞氯酸等的存在則這些產物有可能繼續分解，生成更多的產物。如三氟化溴與水反應的產物包括溴酸、溴單質、氧氣和氟化氫等，另外一些反應活性更高的物質如三氟化氯與水則甚至產生如二氟化氧、一氟氧化氯等更多產物。

用途[編輯]

互鹵化物主要用作鹵化劑。但是部分反應活性高的如三氟化氯則應用在一些諸如鈾的提取、火箭的高能燃料等特殊領域。

一些互鹵化物，如 BrF₃、 IF₅和 ICl是好的鹵化劑。 BrF₅ 太活潑而不能產生氟。除此之外，一氯化碘具有多種用途，包括幫助測量油脂的飽和度，以及作為某些化學反應的催化劑。還有一些互鹵化物，包括 IF₇，可用於合成多鹵陰離子（英語：polyhalide）。^[1]

參見[編輯]

氧族元素互化物（英語：Interchalcogen）
鹵化氫

參考資料[編輯]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Saxena, P. B. Chemistry Of Interhalogen Compounds. 2007 [February 27, 2013]. ISBN 9788183562430.
^ Greenwood, Norman Neill; Earnshaw, Alan. Chemistry of the elements. 2016: 824. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. OCLC 1040112384 （英語）.
^ Meyers, Robert A. (編). Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology: Inorganic Chemistry 3rd. Academic Press. 2001 [2020-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-12-227410-7. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-30）. A few ternary compounds, such as IFCl
2 and IF
2Cl, are also known [no source given].
^ Murthy, C. Parameshwara. University Chemistry 1. New Age International. 2008: 675. ISBN 978-8122407426. The only two interhalogen compounds are IFCl
2 and IF
2Cl [no source given].
^ Sahoo, Balaram; Nayak, Nimai Charan; Samantaray, Asutosh; Pujapanda, Prafulla Kumar. Inorganic Chemistry. PHI Learning. 2012. ISBN 978-8120343085. Only a few ternary interhalogen compounds such as IFCl
2 and IF
2Cl have been prepared [no source given].
^ Ignatyev, Igor S.; Schaefer, Henry F., III. Bromine Halides: The Neutral Molecules BrClF
n (n = 1–5) and Their Anions — Structures, Energetics, and Electron Affinities. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1999, 121 (29): 6904–6910. doi:10.1021/ja990144h.

擴展閱讀[編輯]

Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
Kugler, H. K.; Keller, C. 'At, Astatine', system no. 8a. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry 8 8th. Springer-Verlag. 1985. ISBN 3-540-93516-9.
Zuckerman, J. J.; Hagen, A. P. Inorganic Reactions and Methods, the Formation of Bonds to Halogens. John Wiley & Sons. 1989. ISBN 978-0-471-18656-4.

外部連結[編輯]

[Chemistry_of_Interhalogens-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Saxena, P. B. Chemistry Of Interhalogen Compounds. 2007 [February 27, 2013]. ISBN 9788183562430.

[2] Greenwood, Norman Neill; Earnshaw, Alan. Chemistry of the elements. 2016: 824. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. OCLC 1040112384 （英語）.

[Meyers-3] Meyers, Robert A. (編). Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology: Inorganic Chemistry 3rd. Academic Press. 2001 [2020-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-12-227410-7. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-30）. A few ternary compounds, such as IFCl
2 and IF
2Cl, are also known [no source given].

[Murthy-4] Murthy, C. Parameshwara. University Chemistry 1. New Age International. 2008: 675. ISBN 978-8122407426. The only two interhalogen compounds are IFCl
2 and IF
2Cl [no source given].

[Sahoo-5] Sahoo, Balaram; Nayak, Nimai Charan; Samantaray, Asutosh; Pujapanda, Prafulla Kumar. Inorganic Chemistry. PHI Learning. 2012. ISBN 978-8120343085. Only a few ternary interhalogen compounds such as IFCl
2 and IF
2Cl have been prepared [no source given].

[Ignatiev-6] Ignatyev, Igor S.; Schaefer, Henry F., III. Bromine Halides: The Neutral Molecules BrClF
n (n = 1–5) and Their Anions — Structures, Energetics, and Electron Affinities. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1999, 121 (29): 6904–6910. doi:10.1021/ja990144h.

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