跳至內容

斬首影片

維基百科，自由的百科全書

斬首影片是一種充分展示人質被斬首過程的宣傳影片。[1]這種影片在2004年被伊斯蘭主義激進分子阿布·穆薩布·扎卡維所推廣，並引起了伊斯蘭學者的爭論。一些伊斯蘭學者公開指責這種影片違反了伊斯蘭教法；阿爾蓋達組織卻不認同這一看法。無論如何，斬首影片在一些伊斯蘭恐怖組織中流行開來，例如伊拉克和沙姆伊斯蘭國。[2]

在這些影片中所展示的斬首通常不表現為「傳統」的方法——用劍或斧迅速地將受害者頭部砍下，而是在受害者存活之際用小刀緩慢地割或鋸被害者的頸部直到頭部與身體分離。[3]所以，伊斯蘭主義者的「斬首」確切地說應該是「割頭」。

早期的這類影片是模糊而簡單的，不過根據《芝加哥太陽報》的說法，「（斬首影片）變得越來越複雜，使用動畫圖形編輯技術顯然旨在修飾音訊使受害者的最後時刻更加令人不安。」[4]這些影片經常被恐怖分子上傳到萬維網，然後被各種網絡載體所討論和傳播，[5]如博客、驚悚網站（英語：Shock sites）和傳統新聞媒體。一個墨西哥販毒集團將一段熱門的斬首影片發佈到了Facebook上，家庭在線安全研究所（英語：Family Online Safety Institute）請求將它刪除。[6] 最初Facebook拒絕了這一請求，[7]而後保持了這一決定，[8]後來澄清了他們的政策，表示斬首影片只被允許以讓用戶「譴責」這類行為的預期態度發佈。[9]

已釋出的影片

[編輯]

2004年以前

[編輯]

2004年

[編輯]

2005年–2013年

[編輯]

2014年

[編輯]

2015年

[編輯]

騙局

[編輯]

一段由本傑明·范德福德、羅比特·馬丁和勞里·柯克納製作的偽造的斬首影片在2004年被美國媒體廣泛關注。[41]該影片使用了認主獨一聖戰組織（英語：Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad）的標誌，但是沒有該組織的旗幟。[42]它被製作出來用以范德福德的本地競選。[43]他當時正在謀取馬特·岡薩雷斯（英語：Matt Gonzalez）在三藩市監事會（美國中西部及東部各州）（英語：Board of Supervisors）的席位。[44] 范德福德的第二目的是指出主流媒體將會怎樣不加批判地接受一部匿名影片。[45]全球伊斯蘭媒體陣線（英語：Global Islamic Media Front (GIMF)）聲稱製作了這部影片，但是在被揭穿後將該影片從他們的網站上刪除了。[46]該影片也出現在其他激進分子的網站上，也被一些阿拉伯語電視台節目所引用。[47][48]

參見

[編輯]

參考資料

[編輯]
  1. ^ Stannard, Matthew B. Beheading video seen as war tactic. San Francisco Chronicle. May 13, 2004 [November 23, 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2012-02-08）. 
  2. ^ Bloom, Mia. Even al-Qaeda denounced beheading videos. Why the Islamic State brought them back.. The Washington Post. August 22, 2014 [August 23, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-15）. 
  3. ^ Brecher, Gary. The long, twisted history of beheadings as propaganda. PandoDaily. September 3, 2014 [2015-04-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-27）. 
  4. ^ Shrader, Katherine Pfleger. Terrorists sense power in beheading videos. Chicago Sun-Times. September 29, 2004 [August 23, 2014]. （原始內容需要付費訂閱存檔於2014-09-21） –透過Highbeam Research. 
  5. ^ Palmer, Ewan. James Foley: Police Warn Watching Beheading Video Is A 'Terrorist Offence'. International Business Times. August 20, 2014 [23 August 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-26）. 
  6. ^ Karis, Hustad. Facebook Graphic Content Woes: When Are Beheading Videos Okay?. The Christian Science Monitor. October 31, 2013 [August 23, 2014]. （原始內容需要付費訂閱存檔於2014-09-21） –透過Highbeam Research. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Su, Reissa. Beheaded Woman in Viral Video on Facebook 'Unknown,' Authorities Not Investigating (VIDEO). International Business Times. 4 November 2013 [1 November 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014年10月31日）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Grant, Willl. Facebook beheading video: Who was Mexico's Jane Doe?. BBC News Online. 3 November 2013 [1 November 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-27）. 
  9. ^ Oreskovic, Alexei. Gory videos OK when posted for users to 'condemn': Facebook. Reuters. October 21, 2013 [August 23, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）. 
  10. ^ Reporter Daniel Pearl Is Dead, Killed by His Captors in Pakistan. Wall Street Journal. February 24, 2002 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-09-11）. 
  11. ^ Ansari, Massoud. Daniel Pearl 'refused to be sedated before his throat was cut'. The Telegraph. May 9, 2004 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-05）. 
  12. ^ Nichols, Bill. Video shows beheading of American captive. USA Today. May 11, 2004 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-19）. 
  13. ^ American hostage beheaded in Saudi Arabia. USA Today. Associated Press. June 16, 2004 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-16）. 
  14. ^ Sohn, Jie-ae; Faraj, Caroline. Pentagon: South Korean hostage beheaded. CNN. June 23, 2004 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2004-06-25）. 
  15. ^ Spinner, Jackie; Faiola, Anthony. S. Korean Is Beheaded in Iraq. Washington Post. June 23, 2004 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-18）. 
  16. ^ Video Shows Beheading of Iraq Hostage. Fox News. Associated Press. August 9, 2004 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-27）. 
  17. ^ Beheading of 2nd Bulgarian captive confirned. NBC News. Associated Press. August 11, 2004 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-29）. 
  18. ^ 'Egyptian spy' beheaded in Iraq. Daily Times. August 11, 2004 [September 18, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2016年3月4日）. 
  19. ^ American Hostage Beheaded in Iraq; Bush, Kerry Agree to Debate; Can Rather Survive Memogate?. CNN. September 20, 2004 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-29）. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Faraj, Caroline; al-Hilli, Thaira; Muhy, Bassem; Qasira, Faris; Tawfeeq, Mohammed. Report: Al-Zarqawi group kills American hostage. CNN. September 22, 2004 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-15）. 
  21. ^ Walker, Glen. Video Claims to Show Terrorist Group ISIS Beheading U.S. Journalist James Foley. KTLA. August 19, 2014 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-23）. 
  22. ^ McCarthy, Rory. Sad, bloody end to Bigley saga. The Guardian. October 8, 2004 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-26）. 
  23. ^ Shubert, Atika. Beheaded Japanese to be flown home. CNN. October 31, 2004 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-29）. 
  24. ^ Video shows beheading of Japanese hostage. NBC News. Associated Press. November 2, 2004 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-29）. 
  25. ^ Shah, Saeed. Polish man beheaded in Pakistani militant video. The Guardian. February 9, 2009 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-29）. 
  26. ^ Titterton, Sarah. Horrifying video of militants beheading Polish engineer is released by Pakistani Taliban. Daily Mail. February 9, 2009 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-09）. 
  27. ^ Militants blame U.S. for their apparent beheading of U.S. journalist. Los Angeles Times. [August 20, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2015-11-20）. 
  28. ^ IS releases journalist beheading video in a message to the US. ABC Online. August 20, 2014 [August 23, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-19）. 
  29. ^ Carter, Chelsea J.; Ashley, Fantz. ISIS video shows beheading of American journalist Steven Sotloff. CNN. September 9, 2014 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-10）. 
  30. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini; De Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko. ISIS Video Shows Execution of David Cawthorne Haines, British Aid Worker. New York Times. September 13, 2014 [September 19, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-12）. 
  31. ^ Almasy, Steve; Meilhan, Pierre; Vitagliano, Brian; Mazloumsaki, Sara; Lopez, Elwyn; Fantz, Ashley; Hanna, Jason. French president: Islamic extremists beheaded French hostage. CNN.com. September 24, 2014 [September 24, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-05）. 
  32. ^ Castillo, Mariano. ISIS video claims to show beheading of Alan Henning; American threatened. CNN.com. October 3, 2014 [October 3, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-08）. 
  33. ^ Castillo, Mariano; Brumfield, Ben. Obama calls hostage's beheading by ISIS 'pure evil'. CNN.com. November 16, 2014 [November 16, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-05）. 
  34. ^ Abdul-Rahman Kassig killing is pure evil, says Obama. BBC. November 16, 2014 [November 17, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-12）. 
  35. ^ Wkye, Thomas. Jihadi John Leads Systematic Beheading of Peter Kassig and 18 Syrian Pilots. International Business Times. November 16, 2014 [November 16, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-26）. 
  36. ^ Yoshida, Reiji. Purported Islamic State video shows hostage Goto claiming Yukawa has been executed. Japan Times. 25 January 2015 [2 February 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-08）. 
  37. ^ Yoshida, Reiji; Kameda, Masaaki. Goto beheaded by Islamic State militants. Japan Times. February 1, 2015 [February 2, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-25）. 
  38. ^ ISIS video appears to show beheadings of Egyptian Coptic Christians in Libya. CNN.com. February 16, 2015 [February 16, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23）. 
  39. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D.; Callimachi, Rukmini. Islamic State Video Shows Beheadings of Egyptian Christians in Libya. New York Times. February 15, 2015 [February 16, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-22）. 
  40. ^ Gittens, Hasani; Johnson, M. Alex. U.S. Condemns 'Heinous' Beheading of 21 Egyptian Christians by ISIS. NBC News. February 15, 2015 [February 16, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-25）. 
  41. ^ Guthrie, Julian; Wallace, Bill. Web hoax fools news services. San Francisco Chronicle. August 8, 2004 [October 3, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-23）. 
  42. ^ 'Beheaded hostage' video exposed as hoax. Daily Mail. August 7, 2014 [October 3, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-29）. 
  43. ^ Man fakes own decapitation in video. The Age. August 8, 2004 [October 3, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2015-03-18）. 
  44. ^ DiMassa, Cara Mia; Hollis, Robert. Region & State Man Fakes Own Beheading Video. Los Angeles Times. August 8, 2004 [October 3, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-06）. 
  45. ^ American fakes own decapitation in tape. MSNBC. Associated Press. August 7, 2004 [November 23, 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-25）. 
  46. ^ American's Iraq 'Beheading' a Hoax. Fox News. Associated Press. August 7, 2004 [October 3, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2015-04-13）. 
  47. ^ US man made hoax execution video. BBC. August 7, 2004 [October 3, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-12）. 
  48. ^ Iraq Beheading Video Of US Man A Hoax. Sky News. August 9, 2004 [October 3, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-06）. 

外部連結

[編輯]
取自 "https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=斩首视频&oldid=75083536"