白人的負擔
《白人的負擔》(The White Man's Burden)是英國詩人魯德亞德·吉卜林的作品,最初在1899年刊登於流行雜誌《麥克盧爾》(McClure's),標題為美國與菲律賓群島(The United States and the Philippine Islands)。[1]吉卜林藉着此詩,含蓄地警告英國人,進行擴張將會帶來代價。左派——以及後起的第三世界反殖民理論家——卻認為,吉卜林在描述新帝國主義的特徵:將向外擴張稱為高貴舉措。[2][3][4][5][6]
簡介
[編輯]吉卜林創作《白人的負擔》是為了紀念維多利亞女王鑽禧,他後來卻寫了另一首詩《曲終人散(Recessional)》來代替這一作品。他修改了《負擔》,將美菲戰爭定為主題。[7]此詩由七個詩節和一個採用普通押韻格式的段落組成。表面上是在呼籲白人為所有人的利益,征服和殖民野蠻國家。作品因其主題,成為了歐洲中心主義、種族主義和帝國主義的象徵之一。[8][9][10]作品在推出多年後,仍然備受世人關注,受到不同學者以多種角度分析。
解讀
[編輯]其中一種觀點認為,吉卜林覺得白人有義務統治有其他文化背景的人,並且推動他們發展,直到他們擁有一定的能力獨立為止。一些種族主義者認為,「白人的負擔」是比喻,指對落後文化、經濟居高臨下的視點。一些人將這種觀點視為歐洲中心主義、文化帝國主義的體現。另一種觀點認為,吉卜林是在說明,富人有義務強制幫助窮人。[11]
作品表面上傳達了一種支持白人傳播文明、開化野蠻民族的觀點。詩人稱菲律賓人為「剛被抓到的、又急躁又野蠻、又慍怒、一半像邪魔一半像小孩一樣的人們」。這種觀點在當時雖然十分流行,但也不乏反對者。吉卜林發表了這一作品後,美國文壇發生了有關爭論,著名的美國作家馬克·吐溫和亨利·詹姆斯都是這場論戰的參與者。[12]也有人認為吉卜林是借作品諷刺帝國主義和殖民主義。但是,也有另一部分學者認為,吉卜林並不是在諷刺帝國主義;相反,他是支持帝國主義的人,他在其他作品中已經表達了自己的觀點。
詩作第三至第五行說明,投入殖民主義事業的人在提升其他不幸野蠻民族的時候,可能不幸遇害身亡。當時沒有集中研究殖民官員社會地位和背景的報告。而當時在殖民地十分活躍的傳教活動,也是如吉卜林所描述的那樣,着重於幫助不幸的人認識耶穌基督。
部分學者認為,吉卜林作詩的目的是說服一些反對帝國主義的美國人支持西奧多·羅斯福。[13][14]吉卜林關於英屬印度的著作在美國十分流行,《負擔》有可能是他分享自己觀點的渠道。1898年9月,吉卜林向羅斯福寫信,請求他「將所有力量集中在菲律賓。美國已經把十字鎬插入一座危樓的地基之中,她可以負起責任重建這座樓房,或者任由它倒塌。」[15]他在同年11月,更將詩作送給剛剛獲選為紐約州州長的羅斯福。
諾頓英國文學選集(Norton Anthology of English Literature)認為,詩作的內容合符吉卜林的帝國主義思想,他認為開化野蠻人是「統治神在地上的國的神聖負擔」。[7]史提芬·達比希爾(Steve Sailer)聲稱他是「一個完全不知道成為帝國主義意味着什麼的帝國主義者,所以,可以說,他不是一個真正的帝國主義者。」[16]
不少後人都使用了詩作的主題,或者是模仿了詩作的形式。比如說亨利·拉布謝爾(Henry Labouchère)的作品《棕色人的負擔》(The Brown Man's Burden),又或者是埃德蒙·毛萊爾(Edmund Morel)批評剛果自由邦的文章《白人的負擔》。[17][18]歐內斯特·克羅斯比(Ernest Crosby)也有一篇題為「真正白人的負擔」的詩作。[19]帕斯卡爾·布呂克內(Pascal Bruckner)也有名為「白人的眼淚」(Le Sanglot de l'Homme blanc)的作品。
內容
[編輯]原文 | 中譯 |
---|---|
Take up the White Man's burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden— In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain, To seek another's profit, And work another's gain. |
挑起白種男人的負擔 把你們最優秀的品種送出去 捆綁起你們的兒子們將他們放逐出去 去替你們的奴隸服務 挑起白種男人的負擔 讓他們背負着沉重馬韁 去伺候那些剛被抓到 又急躁又野蠻,又慍怒 一半像邪魔一半像小孩一樣的人們 挑起白種男人的負擔 堅持着耐心 掩飾起恐懼 隱藏起驕傲 用公開與簡易的語言 不厭其煩的說清楚 去替別人謀福利 去為別人爭利益 |
參考文獻
[編輯]引用
[編輯]- ^ "The White Man's Burden". McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).
- ^ Zwick, Jim. Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898–1935. December 16, 2005. (原始內容存檔於2002年9月16日).
- ^ Miller, Stuart Creighton. Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. Yale University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-300-03081-9. p. 5: "...imperialist editors came out in favor of retaining the entire archipelago (using) higher-sounding justifications related to the "white man's burden."
- ^ Judd, Denis. Diamonds are forever: Kipling's imperialism; poems of Rudyard Kipling. History Today. June 1997, 47 (6): 37.: "Theodore Roosevelt...thought the verses 'rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansionist stand-point'. Henry Cabot Lodge told Roosevelt in turn: 'I like it. I think it is better poetry than you say'."
- ^ Examples of justification for imperialism based on Kipling's poem include the following (originally published 1899–1902):
- Opinion archive, International Herald Tribune. In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago; 1899: Kipling's Plea. International Herald Tribune. February 4, 1999: 6. (原始內容存檔於2005年10月27日).: "An extraordinary sensation has been created by Mr. Rudyard Kipling's new poem, The White Man's Burden, just published in a New York magazine. It is regarded as the strongest argument yet published in favor of expansion."
- Dixon, Thomas. The Leopard's Spots – A Romance of the White Man's Burden 1865–1900. 1902 [2013-05-29]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-03).. Full text of a novel by Thomas Dixon praising the Ku Klux Klan, published online by The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
- ^ Pimentel, Benjamin. The Philippines; "Liberator" Was Really a Colonizer; Bush's revisionist history. The San Francisco Chronicle. October 26, 2003: D3. (原始內容存檔於2011年6月29日).: charactising the poem as a "call to imperial conquest".
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Stephen Greenblatt (ed.), Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York 2006 ISBN 978-0-393-92532-6.
- ^ "Eurocentrism". In Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Ed. Thomas M. Leonard, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6, p. 636.
- ^ Chisholm, Michael (1982). Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 978-0-389-20320-9, p.12.
- ^ Mama, Amina (1995). Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity. Routledge, 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-03544-6, p. 39.
- ^ David Cody, The growth of the British Empire (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Associate Professor of English, Hartwick College, (Paragraph 4)
- ^ John V. Denson. The costs of war: America's pyrrhic victories. Transaction Publishers. 1999: 405–406. ISBN 978-0-7658-0487-7(note ff. 28 & 33).
- ^ Wolpert, Stanley (2006)
- ^ Brantlinger, Patrick (2007) Kipling's 'The White Man's Burden' and its Afterlives English Literature in Transition 1880-1920", 50.2, pp. 172-191
- ^ Kipling, Rudyard (1990) The Letters of Rudyard Kipling, ed. Thomas Pinney London, Macmillan, Vol II, p. 350
- ^ Sailer, Steve (2001). "What Will Happen In Afghanistan? (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)". Published by United Press International. 26 September 2001.
- ^ Labouchère, Henry (1899). "The Brown Man's Burden" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ Morel, Edmund (1903). The Black Man's Burden (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Fordham University.
- ^ Crosby, Ernest. The Real White Man’s Burden. Funk and Wagnalls Company. 1902: 32–35 [2013-05-31]. (原始內容存檔於2017-10-12). Published online by History Matters, American Social History Project, CUNY and George Mason University.
來源
[編輯]- A Companion to Victorian Poetry, Alison Chapman; Blackwell, Oxford, 2002.
- Chisholm, Michael (1982). Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 978-0-389-20320-9.
- Cody, David. The growth of the British Empire (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). The Victorian Web, University Scholars Program, National University of Singapore, November 2000.
- Crosby, Ernest (1902). The Real White Man’s Burden. Funk and Wagnalls Company, 32–35.
- Dixon, Thomas (1902). The Leopard's Spots – A Romance of the White Man's Burden 1865–1900.
- Encyclopedia of India. Ed. Stanley Wolpert. Vol. 3. Detroit: charles Scribner's Sons, 2006, p. 35-36. 4 vols.
- "Eurocentrism". In Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Ed. Thomas M. Leonard, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6.
- Greenblatt, Stephen (ed.). Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York 2006 ISBN 978-0-393-92532-6
- Kipling (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Fordham University. Full text of the poem.
- Labouchère, Henry (1899). "The Brown Man's Burden".
- Mama, Amina (1995). Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity. Routledge, 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-03544-6.
- Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03081-5.
- Pimentel, Benjamin (October 26, 2003). "The Philippines; "Liberator" Was Really a Colonizer; Bush's revisionist history". The San Francisco Chronicle: D3.
- Sailer, Steve (2001). "What Will Happen In Afghanistan?". United Press International, 26 September 2001.
- "The White Man's Burden." McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).
- "The Shining" Jack Nicholson's character Jack, uses the phrase to refer to whiskey.