霍米·巴巴
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霍米·K·巴巴 | |
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Homi K. Bhabha | |
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出生 | 印度自治領孟買邦孟買(今印度馬哈拉施特拉邦孟買) | 1949年11月1日
配偶 | 傑奎琳·巴巴 |
兒女 | 二子:Ishan、Satya,一女:Leah |
學術背景 | |
母校 | 孟買聖瑪麗學校 孟買大學 牛津大學基督堂學院 |
學術工作 | |
學派或傳統 | 後殖民主義 後結構主義 |
研究機構 | 薩塞克斯大學 普林斯頓大學 哈佛大學 |
主要領域 | 思想史、文學 |
著名思想 | 作為被壓迫者反抗壓迫者的一種策略的混雜性(hybridity)、作為殖民服從策略的模擬(mimicry)、第三空間、後殖民時期「闡釋」的現在[1] |
霍米·K·巴巴(英語:Homi Kharshedji Bhabha;1949年11月1日—)是印度裔英國學者和批判理論家。他是哈佛大學Anne F. Rothenberg人文學科教授,是當代後殖民研究代表人物之一,在該領域提出了許多關鍵術語和概念,例如混雜性(hybridity)、模擬(mimicry)、差異(difference)和矛盾狀態(ambivalence)。[2]在巴巴的理論中,這些術語描述了被殖民者反抗殖民者權力的方式。2012年,他獲得印度政府頒發的文學和教育領域的蓮花裝勳章獎。[3]他與律師兼哈佛大學講師傑奎琳·巴巴結婚,育有三個孩子。[4]
理論
[編輯]混雜性
[編輯]「混雜性」(hybridity)是巴巴的核心思想之一,其借鑑了愛德華·薩義德的著作,用於描述多元文化主義中新文化形式的出現。巴巴並不將殖民主義視為過去的事,而是展示了殖民歷史和文化如何不斷侵入現在,從而要求我們轉變對跨文化關係的理解。他對殖民文本應用了後結構主義方法論,改變了對殖民主義的研究。[5][6]
矛盾狀態
[編輯]矛盾狀態(ambivalence)這一概念認為文化由對立的觀念和維度組成。巴巴稱,這種矛盾狀態——被殖民的他者的身份分裂的二元性——使得固有文化身份和殖民者文化身份的混雜體成為可能。矛盾狀態是殖民權力出現遲滯特徵的原因之一。權威的殖民能指只有在「殖民地差異、文化或種族的創傷性場景,使權力之眼回歸到一些先前的古老形象或身份」之後,才獲得它們的意義。「然而,矛盾的是,這樣的圖像既不能是『原始的』——因為構建它的重複行為——也不能是相同的——因為定義其自身的差異。」[7]因此,殖民的在場仍然是處於矛盾狀態的,在其原始和權威的外觀與重複和差異的表達之間產生分裂。[7]這打開了殖民話語的兩個維度:以發明和掌握為特徵的維度,以及以取代和幻想為特徵的維度。
文化差異、闡釋和刻板印象
[編輯]巴巴將文化差異(cultural difference)視為文化多樣性(cultural diversity)的替代方案。在文化多樣性中,文化是「經驗知識的對象」,先於認識者而存在,而文化差異則將文化視為兩種或多種文化相遇的地方,也是大多數問題發生的地方,是推論建構的,而不是預先存在的,給定一個「將文化闡釋為『知識淵博』的過程」。[7]闡釋(enunciation)是發生在第三空間(見下文)中的一種文化的表述、表達行為。由於文化從來不是預先給定的,所以它必須被說出來。文化差異是通過表達來發現和認識的。闡釋過程通過在政治當下的新文化、意義、戰略的表達,作為統治或抵抗的實踐,在穩定參考系中的傳統與對文化信念的否定之間產生了鴻溝。[7]
因此,文化差異是一個認同的過程,而文化多樣性是一個比較和分類的過程。此外,正是這種差異和表達的可能性,可以將皮膚/文化的能指從種族類型學的禁錮中解放出來;然而,刻板印象(stereotype)阻礙了「種族」能指的流通和表達。殖民和後殖民話語的一個重要方面,是它們在建構他者時對「固定性」概念的依賴。固定意味着重複、僵硬和不變的秩序以及無序。刻板印象依賴於這種固定性概念。刻板印象創造了一種「身份」,這種身份既源於支配者的焦慮和捍衛,也源於支配者的掌控和愉悅,「因為它是一種多重、矛盾的信念,它承認差異又否認差異。」[7]
模擬
[編輯]和巴巴的混雜性的概念類似,模擬是對在場的轉喻。殖民社會的成員模仿並接受殖民者的文化時,就會出現模擬。雅各·拉岡稱:「模擬的效果是偽裝……這不是與背景協調的問題,而是在斑駁的背景下。」[7]殖民模擬來自殖民者對經過改革的、可辨識的、作為差異的主體的他者的渴望,正如巴巴所寫:「幾乎相同卻不完全等同」(almost the same, but not quite)。因此,模擬是雙重發聲(double articulation)的標誌,一種將權力可見化的同時挪用他者的策略。此外,模擬是不適合(inappropriate)的標誌,是「一種差異或頑固,它凝聚了殖民權力的主導戰略功能,加強了監視,並對『標準化』知識和紀律權力都構成了迫在眉睫的威脅。」
這樣一來,模擬賦予了殖民主體一種部分的在場,仿佛「殖民地」依賴於權威話語本身中自己的表徵。[7]諷刺的是,殖民者希望在模擬中——通過書寫和重複的過程——在這種部分表徵(partial representation)中將自己作為「原真」。另一方面,巴巴沒有將模擬解釋為對殖民者的自戀認同,即認為被殖民者不再是像殖民者一樣有行動能力的人。他認為模擬是一種「雙重視野,它在揭示殖民話語的矛盾狀態的同時,也打破了其權威。而這種雙重視角是由於[他]所說的殖民客體的部分表徵/辨識而產生的……它們也是加倍的形象,殖民欲望轉喻的部分客體,疏遠了那些主導話語的模式和常態,它們在這些話語中作為『不適合』的殖民主體出現。」[7]
被殖民者的願望被顛倒了,因為殖民挪用如今產生了殖民者在場的部分視野;來自他者的凝視與來自殖民者的凝視相呼應,它分享了繼承的凝視的洞察力,這種凝視解放了邊緣化的個體,打破了人的存在的統一,而人本來是藉此擴展其主權的。因此,「觀察者變成了被觀察者,而『部分』表徵重新表達了身份的整個概念,並將其與本質疏遠了。」[7]
第三空間
[編輯]第三空間(Third Space)是一種模糊的區域,當兩個或更多的個人、兩種或更多的文化相互作用時,就會發展出這種空間(對比城市學家愛德華·索亞的第三空間概念)。它「挑戰了我們對文化的歷史認同感,即認為它是一種同質化、統一的力量,由原始的過去認證,在人民的民族傳統中保持活力。」這個矛盾的話語領域,作為闡釋的話語條件的場所,「取代了在同質、連續的時間內書寫的西方敘事」。[7]它通過「破壞性的時間性闡釋」來實現這一點。巴巴聲稱「文化陳述和體系是在這種對立和矛盾的闡釋空間中建構的」。[7]因此,對文化的內在原始性或純潔性的等級主張是無效的。闡釋意味着文化沒有固定性,甚至相同的符號也可以被挪用、翻譯、再歷史化和重新閱讀。
影響
[編輯]巴巴在後殖民理論方面的工作在很大程度上歸功於後結構主義。巴巴所影響的重要人物和理論包括雅克·德希達和解構主義、雅各·拉岡和拉康精神分析學、米歇爾·福柯的話語性概念。[8][9]此外,在1995年接受W. J. T. Mitchell採訪時,巴巴表示愛德華·薩義德是對他影響最大的作家。[8]在社會科學領域,愛德華·W·索亞在巴巴的方法基礎上,改變了理解空間、行動和表徵的概念。
作品
[編輯]書
[編輯]- 包括編輯的書
- Nation and Narration, Routledge (1990; ISBN 0415014824)
- "A Good Judge of Character: Men, Metaphors, and the Common Culture" in Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality, ed. Toni Morrison, Pantheon Books (1992; ISBN 9780679741459).
- "In a Spirit of Calm Violence," in After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements, ed. Gyan Prakash, Princeton University Press (1994; ISBN 9781400821440).
- The Location of Culture, Routledge (1994; ISBN 0415336392)
- Negotiating Rapture: The Power of Art to Transform Lives, Museum of Contemporary Art (1996; ISBN 9780933856400)
- Forward to Modernity, Culture, and The Jew, eds. Laura Marcus and Bryan Cheyette, Wiley (1998; ISBN 9780745620411).
- "Conversational Art" in Conversations at the Castle: Changing Audiences and Contemporary Art, eds. Mary Jane Jacob and Michael Brenson, The MIT Press (1998; ISBN 9780262100724).
- "Cosmopolitanisms" in Cosmopolitanism, co-ed. with Sheldon I. Pollock, Carol Breckenridge, Arjun Appadurai, and Dipesh Chakrabarty, (originally an issue of Public Culture), Duke University Press (2002; ISBN 9780822328995).
- "On Cultural Choice," 2000.
- "V.S. Naipaul," 2001
- "Democracy De-Realized," 2002.
- "On Writing Rights," 2003.
- "Making Difference: The Legacy of the Culture Wars," Artforum 2003 (4).[10]
- "Adagio," 2004.
- "Still Life," 2004.
- Foreword to The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon, transl. Richard Philcox, 2004.
- Edward Said Continuing the Conversation, co-ed. with W. J. T. Mitchell (originally an issue of Critical Inquiry), University of Chicago Press (2004; ISBN 0226532038).
- "Framing Fanon," 2005.
- Without Boundary: Seventeen Ways of Looking, with Fereshteh Daftari and Orhan Pamuk, The Museum of Modern Art (2006; ISBN 9780870700859).
- "The Black Savant and the Dark Princess," 2006.
- Our Neighbours, Ourselves: Contemporary Reflections on Survival, Walter de Gruyter (2011; ISBN 9783110262445)
- Anish Kapoor, Flammarion (2011; ISBN 9782080200839)
- Midnight to the Boom: Painting in India After Independence, Peabody Essex Museum (2013; ISBN 9780500238936)
- Matthew Barney: River of Fundament, Okwui Enwezor, Hilton Als, Diedrich Diederichsen, David Walsh, Skira (2014; ISBN 9780847842582)
論文
[編輯]- Bhabha, Homi K. "Apologies for Poetry: A Study in the Method of Mill and Richards." Journal of the School of Languages [New Delhi] 3.1 (1975): 71–88.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Parthasarathy, R. "Indo-Anglican attitudes." TLS, Times literary supplement 3 (1978): 136.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "The Other Question…." Screen (November—December 1983), 24(6), 18–36.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Representation and the colonial text: a critical exploration of some forms of mimeticism." The Theory of reading. Ed. Frank Gloversmith. Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1984.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon. Introduction to the English edition of Black skin white mask." Black skin white mask. London: Pluto Press, 1986.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "'What does the Black man want?'." New Formations 1 (1987): 118–130.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon: self, psyche, and the colonial condition." Remaking history. Ed. Barbara Kruger and Phil Mariani. Seattle: Bay Press, 1989.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Hybridité, identité et culture contemporaine." Magiciens de la terre. Ed. Jean Hubert Martin. Paris: Editions du Centre Pompidou, 1989.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "At the limits." Artforum 27.9 (1989): 11–12.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Imaginings." New statesman & society 2.70 (1989): 45–47.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Articulating the archaic: notes on colonial nonsense." Literary theory today. Ed. Peter Collier and Helga Geyer-Ryan. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "The other question: difference, discrimination and the discourse of colonialism." Out there: marginalization and contemporary cultures. Ed. Russell. New York: New Museum of Contemporary Art, 1990.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Interrogating identity: the postcolonial prerogative." Anatomy of racism. Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "DissemiNation: time, narrative, and the margins of the modern nation." Nation and narration. Ed. Homi K. Bhabha. London; New York: Routledge, 1990.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Novel metropolis." New statesman society 3.88 (1990): 16.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "A question of survival: nations and psychic states." Psychoanalysis and cultural theory: thresholds. Ed. James Donald. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Art and National Identity: A Critics' Symposium." Art in America 79.9 (1991): 80-.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "'Race', time and the revision of modernity." The Oxford Literary Review 13.1-2 (1991): 193–219.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postcolonial criticism." Redrawing the boundaries: the transformation of English and American literary studies. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles B. Gunn. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1992.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Of mimicry and man: the ambivalence of colonial discourse." Modern literary theory: a reader. Ed. Philip; Waugh Rice, Patricia. 2nd ed. ed. London; New York: E. Arnold, 1992.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "A good judge of character: men, metaphors, and the common culture." Race-ing justice, en-gendering power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the construction of social reality. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Pantheon Books, 1992.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postcolonial authority and postmodern guilt." Cultural Studies. Ed. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler. New York: Routledge, 1992.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Double visions." Artforum 30.5 (1992): 85–59.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Freedom's basis in the indeterminate." October 61 (1992): 46–57.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "The world and the home." Social text 10.2-3 (1992): 141–153.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Beyond the pale: art in the age of multicultural translation." Cultural diversity in the arts: art, art policies and the facelift of Europe. Ed. Ria Lavrijsen. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1993.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Culture's in between." Artforum 32.1 (1993): 167–170.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "The commitment to theory." Questions of third cinema. Ed. Jim Pines and Paul Willemen. London: BFI Pub., 1994.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Frontlines / borderposts." Displacements: cultural identities in question. Ed. Angelika Bammer. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: Indiana University Press, 1994.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon: self, psyche and the colonial condition." Colonial discourse and post-colonial theory: a reader. Ed. R. J. Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "The enchantment of art." The artist in society: rights, roles, and responsibilities. Ed. Kathy Becker, Carol Acker, and Ann Wiens. Chicago: Chicago New Art Association, New Art Examiner Press, 1995.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Are you a man or a mouse?" Constructing masculinity. Ed. Maurice Berger, Brian Wallis, Simon Watson, and Carrie Weems. New York: Routledge, 1995.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Homi Bhabha on the New Black Intellectual." Artforum international 34.2 (1995): 16–17.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Dance this diss around." Artforum 33.8 (1995): 19–20.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "[Dialogues with Homi Bhabha, et al.]." The fact of blackness: Frantz Fanon and visual representation. Ed. Alan Read. Seattle: Bay Press, 1996.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postmodernism/postcolonialism." Critical terms for art history. Ed. Robert S. Nelson and Richard Shiff. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Unpacking my library ... again." The post-colonial question: common skies, divided horizons. Ed. Iain Chambers and Lidia Curti. London; New York: Routledge, 1996.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Day by day . . . with Frantz Fanon." The fact of blackness. Ed. Alan Read. Seattle: Bay Press, 1996.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Laughing stock." Artforum 35.2 (1996): 15–17.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Unsatisfied: notes on vernacular cosmopolitanism." Text and Nation: Cross-Disciplinary Essays on Cultural and National Identities. Ed. Laura Garcia-Moreno and Peter C. Pfeiffer. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1996. 191–207.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "World and the home." Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives. Ed. Anne McClintock, Aamir Mufti, and Ella Shohat. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postscript: bombs away in front-line suburbia." Visions of suburbia. Ed. Roger Silverstone. London; New York: Routledge, 1997.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Designer creations." Artforum 36.4 (1997): 11–14.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "[Reviews of: Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India; and Subaltern Studies, vol. 9, Writings on South Asian History and Society]." TLS. Times Literary Supplement. 4923 (1997): 14–15.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Halfway house." Artforum 35.9 (1997): 11–13.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Queen's English." Artforum 35.7 (1997): 25–27.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Front lines / border posts." Critical inquiry 23.3 (1997).
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Dance this diss around." The crisis of criticism. Ed. Maurice Berger. New York: New Press, 1998.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "The white stuff." Artforum 36.9 (1998): 21–23.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "On the irremovable strangeness of being different [one of "Four views of ethnicity"]." PMLA 113.1 (1998): 34-39.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Liberalism's sacred cow." Is multiculturalism bad for women? Ed. Susan Moller Okin and Joshua Cohen. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1999.
- Bhabha, Homi K. (interviewer). "Alter/Native Modernities - Miniaturizing Modernity: Shahzia Sikander in Conversation with Homi K Bhabha." Public culture: bulletin of the Project for Transnational Cultural Studies 11.1 (1999): 146–152.
- Bhabha, Homi K. "Afterword: an ironic act of courage." Milton and the imperial vision. Ed. Rajan Balachandra and Elizabeth Sauer. Pittsburgh, Pa: Duquesne University Press, 1999.
- Bhabha, Homi K.; Dudiker, Karsten (trans.). "'Angst' in kultureller Ubersetzung." Heterotopien der Identitat: Literatur in interamerikanischen Kontaktzonen. Ed. Hermann Herlinghaus; Utz Riese. Heidelberg, Germany: Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, 1999. 83–97.
訪談
[編輯]- Koundoura, Maria; Rai, Amit. "Interview: Homi Bhabha." Stanford humanities review 3.1 (1993): 1–6.
- Bennett, David, and Collits, Terry. "Postcolonial critic: Homi Bhabha interviewed by David Bennett and Terry Collits." Literary India: comparative studies in aesthetics, colonialism, and culture. Ed. Patrick Colm Hogan; Lalita Pandit. SUNY series in Hindu studies. Albany: State Univ. of New York, 1995.
- Mitchell, W.J.T. "Translator translated (interview with cultural theorist Homi Bhabha)." Artforum 33.7 (1995): 80–84.
- Hall, Gary; Wortham, Simon. "Rethinking Authority: Interview with Homi K. Bhabha." Angelaki 2.2 (1996): 59–63.
一般批評
[編輯]- Thompson, Paul. 「Between identities: Homi Bhabha interviewed by Paul Thompson.」 Migration and identity. Ed. Rina Benmayor, Andor Skotnes. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
- Xie, Shaobo. 「Writing on boundaries: Homi Bhabha's recent essays.」 ARIEL: A review of International English literature 27.4 (1996): 155–166.
- Leonard, Philip. "Degenerescent Lections: Legal Fictions in Rushdie, Derrida, and Bhabha." New Formations: A Journal of Culture, Theory & Politics 32 (1997): 109–119.
- Easthope, Anthony. "Bhabha, hybridity, and identity." Textual practice 12.2 (1998): 341–348.
- Fludernik, Monika. "The constitution of hybridity: postcolonial interventions." Hybridity and postcolonialism: twentieth-century Indian literature. Ed. Monika Fludernik. Tübingen, Germany: Stauffenburg, 1998. 19–53.
- Phillips, Lawrence. "Lost in Space: Siting/Citing the In-Between of Homi Bhabha's The Location of Culture." Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies 2.2 (1998).
- Perloff, Marjorie. "Cultural liminality / Aesthetic closure?: The interstitial perspective of Homi Bhabha."
- Ray, Sangeeta. 「The nation in performance: Bhabha, Mukherjee and Kureishi.」 Hybridity and postcolonialism: twentieth-century Indian literature. Ed. Monika Fludernik. Tübingen, Germany: Stauffenburg, 1998. 219–238.
參見
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Peter Hallward, Absolutely Postcolonial: Writing Between the Singular and the Specific, Manchester University Press, 2001, p. 25.
- ^ Huddart, David. "Homi K. Bhabha", Routledge Critical Thinkers, 2006
- ^ Padma Awards. pib. 27 January 2013 [27 January 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2013-05-24).
- ^ Eakin, Emily. Harvard's Prize Catch, a Delphic Postcolonialist. The New York Times. 17 November 2001 [10 March 2019]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-07) (美國英語).
- ^ Jim B. Parsons, Kelly J. Harding, 'Post-Colonial Theory and Action Research (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)', in: Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry 2 (2011), nr. 2, p. 1-6.
- ^ Abdennebi Ben Beya. Mimicry, Ambivalence and Hybridity. Postcolonial Studies @ Emory. c. 1998 [20 August 2012]. (原始內容存檔於2012-06-30).
- ^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.
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