用戶:Gourd/珠穆朗瑪峰登山遇難者名單
海拔8848米（29029英尺）的珠穆朗瑪峰 ， 是世界上最高的山峰，也是登山家們極其渴望征服的目標之一，但是攀登它可能會很危險。 在嘗試登頂的過程中，已有300多人失去了生命。 已知的最後一個沒有發生死亡事件的年份是1977年，這一年只有兩個人登頂。 [1]
大多數遇難者喪生的原因包括雪崩、墜落、冰層剝落、暴曬、凍傷或與山區環境相關的健康問題。有些遇難者的遺體仍未被發現，因此無法獲得這些遇難者死因的詳細信息。
珠穆朗瑪峰的上層位於死亡區域（death zone）之中。死亡區域是登山運動中的術語，指的是某一特定高度（大約為8000米或26000英尺）以上的區域或氣壓低於356毫巴/百帕（即5.16 psi，標準大氣壓為1013毫巴/百帕）的區域；在死亡區域中，氧氣分壓水平不足以維持人類生存。[2] 高海拔登山運動中的許多遇難者都是由於死亡區域的特殊環境而直接（即直接導致生命體徵的消失）或間接（由於精神壓力或身體虛弱而做出錯誤的判斷或決定，從而引起了致命的事故）地引起。由於耗氧速度超過了獲得氧氣的速度，人體無法適應死亡區域的環境。在不攜帶額外氧氣的情況下長期逗留在死亡區域內，會導致身體機能的惡化、失去知覺、乃至死亡。[3][4][5]
背景
[編輯]
攀登珠峰最受歡迎的路線是尼泊爾一側的南坡路線和中國西藏一側的北坡路線。 [6]
在珠峰上有記錄的第一次死亡事件是在1922年英國珠穆朗瑪峰探險中發生的，當時有七個搬運工在雪崩中喪生。 在場的喬治·馬洛里 （ George Mallory ）認為自己需要為這些遇難者負責。 [7] 在1921年英國偵察遠征期間，有2人在途中死亡，包括一名身份不明的搬運工以及因心臟病發作而去世的A.M. Kellas博士。 [8]
巴布·奇里·夏爾巴（Babu Chiri Sherpa）曾10次登頂珠峰，在1999年登頂時在峰頂逗留了20小時，創下當時的紀錄。 [9] 他還曾經在兩周內兩次登上了山頂，並保持了從大本營到登頂的最快攀登時間紀錄——16小時56分鐘。 他於2001年死於二號營地附近的一場墜落事故。 經驗豐富的嚮導羅伯·霍爾在成為第一位登頂五次的非夏爾巴人（1996年）之後不久在珠穆朗瑪峰上去世。
這座山上最聳人聽聞的悲劇是發生於1996年5月11日的1996年珠穆朗瑪峰登山事故 ，事故中八人在嘗試登頂時喪生。 在那個登山季，有15人在嘗試登頂時喪生，使其成為當時該山歷史上死亡人數最多的一年。兩本書詳細介紹了這場災難，分別是喬恩·克拉考爾 （ Jon Krakauer）的《化為稀薄空氣》 （Into Thin Air）和阿納托利·布克列耶夫 （ Anatoli Boukreev）的 《攀登》（The Climb），他們都是當時在珠峰的登山家，但這兩本書的敘述相互矛盾。 從統計數字上來看，對於珠穆朗瑪峰的登山者來說，1996年還是相對安全的一年。 在1996年之前，有四分之一的登山者在登頂過程中喪生，而在1996年，這一比例只有七分之一。 [11]
在2014年和2015年的登山季中，各種悲劇造成了十多人遇難。 2014年，成功從南坡登頂的人很少，而2015年則連一個都沒有。 2014年4月18日，在一次雪崩中，有16名夏爾巴人遇難。 [12] [13] [14] 2015年4月25日，尼泊爾發生了一次7.8級地震 ，隨後大本營遭遇了雪崩，19人喪生，而地震共造成尼泊爾9,000多人喪生和23,000多人受傷。 [15] [16] [17] 這是珠穆朗瑪峰歷史上單日死亡人數最高的一天。2019年的登山季中，登山者人鼠創下了歷史新高，這一個登山季中有11人在珠穆朗瑪峰上死亡。在社交媒體上分享的視頻向人們展示了攀登者們排長隊等待上山的過程。 [18]
由於將遺體送下山需要面臨重重困難和危險，大多數在山上遇難的人仍然留在原地。1984年10月24日，兩名尼泊爾登山者在試圖帶走Hannelore Schmatz的遺體時不幸遇難。[19] 1999年，在山頂附近的集水盆地中搜尋喬治·馬洛里的屍體時，搜索人員在雪地里發現了多具遺體，其中包括馬洛里本人。 [20] [註 1]
死亡人數
[編輯]參見
[編輯]註釋
[編輯]- ^ Unconfirmed Russian deaths on the north side of Everest resulted from an alleged 1952 expedition. The Chinese, upon taking control of the region, enacted strict travel restrictions. Supposedly, the Chinese government did allow some Soviet climbers near the mountain, and reports leaked out of a Soviet expedition in 1952. The expedition, apparently led by Pavel Datschnolian, was said to have been a disaster, resulting in the deaths of Datschnolian and five other men. However, Russian and Chinese authorities have consistently denied that such an attempt took place, no physical evidence has ever been found to confirm its existence, nor is there any record of a person named Pavel Datschnolian.[21]
參考文獻
[編輯]引文
[編輯]- ^ Summits by Year. everesthistory.com. [2015-07-10].
- ^ PBS 1998
- ^ Darack 2002
- ^ Huey 2001
- ^ Grocott 2009
- ^ Wilkinson, Freddie, "Want to climb Mount Everest? Here's what you need to know.." NationalGeographic.com 2019-01-22. Accessed 2019-06-30.
- ^ Ortner 2001
- ^ Ortner 2001
- ^ Handwerk 2002
- ^ The tragic tale of Mt Everest's most famous dead body. BBC. [2019-03-26].
- ^ Krakauer 1997，第274頁
- ^ Everest avalanche kills at least 12 Sherpa guides. BBC News. April 18, 2014 [April 18, 2014].
- ^ Ellen Barry; Graham Bowlet. Deadliest Day: Sherpas Bear Everest's Risks. The New York Times. April 18, 2014 [April 18, 2014].
- ^ Everest avalanche: Search mission called off citing 'too much risk'. Kantipur Publications. April 20, 2014 [April 20, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於April 2, 2015）.
- ^ Quake triggers Everest avalanche, reports say 18 killed. Reuters. Reuters. April 25, 2015 [May 6, 2015].
- ^ Mount Everest casualties reach 17 with unknown number still missing after devastating Nepal earthquake. The Independent. [May 6, 2015].
- ^ Binaj Gurubacharya. Avalanche Survivors Recount Terror On Mount Everest After Earthquake Struck. April 26, 2015 [April 26, 2015].
- ^ Stunning video shows the packed peaks of Mount Everest amid deadly season. USA Today. May 30, 2019.
- ^ Associated Press 1984
- ^ Anker & Roberts 2000
- ^ Unsworth, pp. 345–347.
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[[Category:登山史]] [[Category:条目有永久失效的外部链接]]